摘要
(非)现实情态在汉语中没有专一的形态句法标记,但汉语中的某些词、句式或语法标记在表达基本功能时,显示出对(非)现实情态的敏感性。从库藏类型学的角度来看,(非)现实情态在汉语中是一种寄生范畴。本文讨论汉语处所标记寄生(非)现实情态的现象。部分汉语方言相当于普通话“在”和“到”的两类处所标记,在介引空间处所之外,“在”类处所标记寄生现实情态义,“到”类处所标记寄生非现实情态义。文章从湘语益阳方言的两类处所标记出发,结合时制、语气、情态和体范畴,发现“在”类处所标记寄生现实情态义,反映客观存在的事实或说话者认定的已然事件;“到”类处所标记寄生非现实情态义,反映出强烈的言者主观性,出现于祈使句、条件句、各类情态句以及反映言者主观性的陈述句。处所标记寄生(非)现实情态的功能是一种弱寄生,当强调原型的静态持续义或动态位移义,或者遇到更强势的寄生宿主时,处所标记寄生(非)现实情态的功能就会被屏蔽,从而发生去寄生现象。处所标记寄生(非)现实情态的功能与施其生(2006)提出的“非使然-使然”具有对应关系,但处所标记只是(非)现实情态寄生的众多宿主中的一种,而且处所标记寄生(非)现实情态的功能在汉语方言中的分布有一定的局限性。
Although the category of(ir)realis does not have a dedicated morpho⁃syntactic marker in Chinese,certain lexical,syntactic,and grammatical markers are sensitive to(ir)realis in the sense that,in addition to their primary functions,they are able to convey the meaning of(ir)realis in one way or another.Based on Linguistic Inventory Typology,this article argues that(ir)realis exists only as a parasitic category in Chinese as these elements do not express the(ir)realis meaning explicitly,but rather imply the(ir)realis meaning by the constraints of their usage,given the fact that certain linguistic elements exclusively or primarily occur in irrealis or realis contexts.According to the findings of this study,a number of Chinese dialects contain two sets of locative markers that are equivalent to zai(在)and dao(到)in Mandarin Chinese.Furthermore,this study demonstrates that the zai⁃type markers parasitize the realis meaning,whereas the dao⁃type markers parasitize the irrealis meaning.In this particular research,the two different sets of locative markers that are used in the Yiyang Xiang dialect are investigated.When the temporal system,mood,modality,and aspect are taken into careful consideration,it is discovered that the zai⁃type markers in Yiyang primarily occur in realis contexts involving facts or events that are considered to have occurred,whereas the dao⁃type markers are primarily found in irrealis contexts where intense subjectivity is involved,such as imperative,conditional,modal,and even declarative sentences with subjectivity in them.The parasitized(ir)realis meaning of locative markers is susceptible to being“de⁃parasitized”when the meaning of static continuity or dynamic movement is emphasized.Additionally,such meaning is susceptible to being“de⁃parasitized”when the locative markers compete with stronger hosts such as aspect markers.The notion“(ir)realis”in this paper roughly corresponds to the concept of“(non)causedness”that was suggested in Shi(2006),but what Shi did not emph
作者
夏俐萍
周晨磊
XIA Liping;ZHOU Chenlei(University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(UCASS);Institute of Linguistics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
出处
《当代语言学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第5期690-709,共20页
Contemporary Linguistics
基金
国家社科基金项目“区域方言学视角下湘鄂赣边界方言的接触与演变研究”(21BYY016)
国家社科基金重大项目“汉语方言母语深度调查研究”(21&ZD303)的阶段性成果。
