摘要
当事人的举证行为受辩论主义支配,同一证明对象的主观证明责任不但可以与客观证明责任分离,而且还可以在当事人之间进行动态配置。主观证明责任的动态配置是均衡当事人负担、解决证明难题、减少事实真伪不明的必然要求。与实体规范性质的客观证明责任不同,主观证明责任是纯粹的程序规则,当事人距离证据远近、举证能力以及诉讼程序的实际运行都是决定其具体负担情况的重要依据。但主观证明责任的动态配置不是任意和无序的,更不能以此否认客观证明责任的恒定性及其对主观证明责任配置的引导作用。当事人承担对其有利的法律规范要求的要件事实的客观证明责任,并首当其冲承担立证证明任务。立证证明达到证明标准要求,对方当事人才负担反驳证明的任务。法官临时心证是决定主观证明责任转移的关键,心证的动态变化也决定了主观证明责任动态配置的特点。
The burden of proof is dominated by debatism. Not only the burden of proof of the same object can be separated from the onus probandi, but also can be distributed dynamically among the parties. The dynamic allocating of the burden of proof is necessary to overcome the difficulty of proof, balance the burden of the parties and reduce uncertainty of the case. Unlike the onus probandi which has the nature of entity norm, the burden of proof belongs to the rule of procedure. The distance of proof to the parties, the ability of providing proof, and the actual progress of the proceedings are important factors to allocating of the burden of proof. Of course, the dynamic allocating of the burden of proof is not arbitrary and disordered, and it is not possible to deny the constancy of the onus probandi and its guiding role in allocating of the burden of proof. The party who bears the onus probandi of the fact required by the legal norm which is in favor of her/him should bear the task of producing proof to set up the fact firstly, and the proof should meet the requirement of the proof standard. After that, the other party should bear the burden of producing the disproof. The temporary inner conviction of judge is the key to decide whether the burden of proof is transferred, and the dynamic change of the inner conviction of judge is the main factor that determines the dynamic allocating of the burden of proof.
出处
《法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第8期128-141,共14页
Law Science
基金
国家社科基金一般项目“诉的合法性审查制度研究”(编号:17BFX179)的阶段性成果。
关键词
客观证明责任
主观证明责任
临时心证
证明标准
onus probandi
burden of proof
the temporary inner conviction of judge
standard of proof
