摘要
以罗森贝克的"规范说"为基础建构的证明责任分配的一般规则,追求普遍性正义,却因其适用上的僵化性而可能造成程序与实体上的双重不正义。针对其缺陷,可以通过证明责任减轻规则予以弥补。证明责任减轻不是对证明责任分配一般规则的否定,而是在认可一般规则作为证明责任分配基本规则的前提下的例外规则,两者定位为"一般与例外"。主观证明责任的主要价值功能是追寻事实真相。证明责任减轻是以对主观证明责任的运用为主要方式,在当事人出现非因自身原因造成的证明困难时,直接或者间接地减轻负证明责任的一方当事人(原告或者被告)的证明负担,以实现克服真伪不明与避免证明责任裁判的目的,从而实现个案公正。结合我国既有制度现状与司法实践,可从规则体系(一般与例外)、减轻前提(证明困难)、证明进程(动态证明)方面设计我国证明责任减轻的制度模型,并以此为基础提炼证明责任减轻的"三步递进"范式;同时,明确其适用条件与程序保障机制,以防止裁判恣意。
The general rule for the distribution of burden of proof,based on Leo Rosenberg’s"Die Normentheorie"pursues the universal justice,but because of its rigidity in application,may cause both procedural and substantive injustice.Such defects can be corrected by the rule of reducing the burden of proof,which is not a negation of the general rule,but is an exception rule that recognize the latter as the premise and basic rule for the distribution of the burden of proof.This exception rule is mainly applied to the subjective burden of proof,whose major value and function is to seek the truth.When the party(either the plaintiff or the defendant)has difficulties in providing proof out of non-subjective reasons,the direct or indirect reduction of the burden of proof can overcome the uncertainty of authenticity of evidence and avoid adjudicating the burden of proof,so as to achieve the justice of the individual case.Considering the current system and practice in China,the model of the reducing the burden of proof can be built from three aspects:the rule system(general and exception),the premise of reduction(difficulty of proof)and the process of proof(dynamic proof),and a"three-step progress"paradigm can be further refined.At the same time,the conditions for the application of the rule and the procedural guarantee mechanism needs to be specified so to prevent arbitrary judgment.
出处
《比较法研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第6期183-198,共16页
Journal of Comparative Law
关键词
证明责任
规范说
证明责任分配的一般规则
证明困难
证明责任减轻
burden of proof
Die Normentheorie
general rule of the distribution of burden of proof
difficulty of proof
reduction of burden of proof
