摘要
正念冥想是有意识、非评判地将注意集中于当下经验的方法。近年来,正念冥想作为一种潜在的方法被引进到ADHD儿童干预领域。因为ADHD儿童的特异性,为了增加正念冥想方案对ADHD儿童的适切性,研究者从练习设置、奖励系统、解释方式和家长纳入几个方面对标准的正念减压训练方案做了改编。越来越多的研究证据表明,正念冥想训练能有效地减轻ADHD儿童的核心缺陷、改善其内外化症状和亲子关系。本文通过对已有相关实证研究的分析认为,这些积极的影响可能与ADHD儿童的执行功能与去中心化等心理功能的改善有关,而大脑相关区域激活模式的变化和结构的积极改变可能是正念冥想影响ADHD儿童的神经基础。文章也提出已有研究在内容和方法学上的不足及其以后的探究方向。
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is characterized by symptoms that include the inability to keep one’s attention focused on a task,trouble organizing tasks,avoiding things that take effort,and follow-through.ADHD may also include problems with hyperactivity and impulsivity.Mindfulness meditation is the increased awareness that arises when we pay attention to the present experience,non-judgmentally.Recently,mindfulness meditation has been introduced as a promising intervention approach for improving the mental and physical health of children with ADHD.Several aspects of the mindfulness-based intervention for adults have been adapted for children with ADHD.First,the duration of each lesson or each exercise is shortened,and the varieties of activities are improved,along with making it enjoyable.Second,a target reward system is established,in which children are rewarded for their homework and active participation in the class.Third,using metaphors helps children understand the implication of mindfulness,and master the essentials of the practice;these metaphors are advised to be based on children’s daily experiences.Besides,considering the importance of parents in children’s lives,the intervention practices usually involve them.Research,including case studies,quasi-experimental studies,and randomized controlled trials,has shown that mindfulness training significantly improves the core symptoms of ADHD in children.Preliminary studies have shown that mindfulness meditation can improve attention in children with ADHD.Previous studies have also shown that mindfulness-based psychological intervention techniques can improve the hyperactive/impulsive behaviors of children with ADHD to some extent.Mindfulness meditation can also reduce anxiety and depression in children with ADHD,and can improve the symptoms of externalization,such as conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.The advantages of mindfulness intervention for parenting are also evident.For example,by participating in mindfulness traini
作者
李继波
陈盈盈
肖前国
Li Jibo;Chen Yingying;Xiao Qianguo(Department of Psychology&key Laboratory of Psychological Assessment and Rehabilitation for Exceptional Children,Lingnan Normal University,Zhanjiang,524048;School of Teacher Education,Lingnan Normal University,Zhanjiang,524048;Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences,Chongqing,402160)
出处
《心理科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第2期470-476,共7页
Journal of Psychological Science
基金
特殊儿童心理评估与康复广东省高校哲学社会科学重点实验室项目(2017SYZD02)
广东省协同创新平台粤台教师教育协同创新发展中心项目(YTXY1711)
广东省哲学社会科学规划项目(GD15YXL02)
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(17XJC190006)的资助
关键词
注意缺陷多动障碍儿童
正念冥想
干预
心理机制
脑机制
children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
mindfulness meditation
intervention
psychological mechanism
brain mechanism
