摘要
人机分工协作型混合劳动力已成为企业数智化转型的新生动能,但相关理论研究仍明显滞后于组织人机混合用工实践,且缺乏适配的系统理论体系。本文基于行动者网络理论与劳动分工理论,将智能机器视作与人并肩分工协作的劳动行动主体,从劳动分工视角创新性提出人机分工论作为诠释人机混合劳动力的理论新范式,并从生成逻辑、理论内涵、模式类型、作用机制等多维度探讨人机分工理论体系。结果发现:(1)人机分工作为第四次社会分工的重要体现,以劳动价值共创为基本目标,强调从传统以人为单一主体的一元分工转向人机双元分工,并可将人机分工结构划分为纯人工执行、机器赋能人工、人机协同执行、人工辅助机器、纯机器执行等模块。(2)机器对人工仅是劳动功能局部性超越,人工在人性化软技能、机器在程序化硬技能领域各占优势,且人机分工模式多元化可从主导地位、协作方式、数量匹配、管理对象等多重视角细分。(3)“机器换人”是一个让机器从幕后走到台前、人工从台前转向幕后的人机分工重构过程,其本质是分解工作内容并让人更像人(而非像机器)一样工作;同时,人机分工中“机器换人”与“机器增强”并行、悖论叠加渗透、工序拆分与功能拆解双向路径交互融合,且从时间、空间、功能等多维度呈现循环式人机分工动态演化迭代。人机分工论可为诠释人机混合劳动力现象提供理论借鉴,也可为引领企业组织混合用工实践与重塑人机分工体系提供理论支撑。
The human-machine hybrid workforce(HMHW)has already become a new vitality in the enterprises'digital and intelligent transformation,while the relevant research currently lags far behind enterprise practice and lacks a systematic theoretical framework.Based on the Actor Network Theory(ANT)and the theory of labor division,this study regards intelligent machines as labor action subjects that work side by side with humans in the process of labor division.Meanwhile,this paper innovatively proposes the theory of human-machine labor division(HMLD)as a new theoretical paradigm for interpreting HMHW from the perspective of labor division,and discusses the theoretical system of HMLD from multiple dimensions such as generation logic,theoretical connotation,mode type,and action mechanism.The key findings of this study can be summarized as follows.First,as an important embodiment of the fourth social division of labor,HMLD takes labor value co-creation as its basic goal and emphasizes the shift from the traditional unitary labor division of human to dual action subject of HMLD,and the structure of HMLD can be divided into modules including pure manual execution,machine augmenting human,human-machine collaborative execution,human assisting machine,and pure machine execution.Second,both human beings and machines have their pros and cons,and machines transcend human beings only in part of their functions.And the modes of HMLD are diversified and can be subdivided from multiple perspectives,such as dominance,collaboration,quantity matching,and management object.From the perspective of the dominant role of human and machine,the types of HMLD can be categorized into five types,including fully manual,human-dominated labor division,human-machine collaborative-dominated labor division,machine-dominated labor division,and fully automated.From the perspective of cooperation mode,there are four types of HMLD,including human-machine separation,human-machine mutual substitution,human-machine interactive empowerment,and human-machine hybrid
作者
何江
闫淑敏
He Jiang;Yan Shumin(School of Public Policy and Management,Tsinghua University;Institute for AI International Governance,Tsinghua University;School of Economics and Management,Tongji University)
出处
《南开管理评论》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第6期88-99,共12页
Nankai Business Review
基金
国家社会科学基金青年项目(23CGL022)资助。
关键词
人机分工
人机团队
人机共生
机器换人
人机关系
混合劳动力
Human-machine Labor Division
Human-machine Team
Human-machine Symbiosis
Replacing Human Labor with Machine
Human-machine Relationship
Hybrid Workforce
