摘要
机械论和有机论的关系是哲学研究中的一个重要问题,它牵涉到人们对自然的理解。康德的批判哲学为此提供了一个全面的解决方案。在面对“关于自然的机械论和有机论”的二律背反时,康德首先确立了机械论原则的客观性,而将有机论原则视作“范导性的”,这种自然观的根基是康德一以贯之的有限主体性立场。康德的观点不一致地预设了“自在之物”,并且使得对自然事物的目的论解释具有任意性。谢林通过“精神的直观”克服了康德的有限性立场,使得质料得以在精神之内产生,而无需预设“无精神的自在之物”。“精神的直观”产生了一个有机的自然整体。于是,自然本身是有机的,而机械论则是从属于有机论的。在自然哲学的基础上,谢林建立了一种“有机自然观”。基于这种观念,隶属于有机物的生命获得了独特的地位,它再也不可能被还原为任何意义上的机器。
The relation between mechanism and organism is an important problem in philosophy.Kantian critical philosophy proposes an overall solution for this problem.Facing the antinomy between mechanism and organism of nature Kant argued firstly the objectivity of principles of mechanism and then viewed principles of the organism as regulative.Such conception is grounded in his consistent position of a finite subject.Kant’s thoughts left be-hind an inconsequent presupposition of things in themselves and made the teleological ex-planation of natural things arbitrary in the sense formulated by Schelling.Schelling overcame Kant’s position of finitude through the intuition of the mind,through which the matter comes into being within the mind without the presupposition of things in themselves that contains no mind in themselves.The intuition of the mind produces an organic nature as a whole.Hence nature is itself organic and the mechanism is subordinate to the organism.Schelling constructed an idea of organic nature grounded in his natural philosophy.On this standpoint,life that belongs to organized beings is distinct and cannot be reduced to the machine in any sense.
出处
《德国哲学》
2023年第2期93-110,303,共19页
Chinese Journal of German Philosophy
基金
2021年国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目(项目编号:202106100084)的成果。
关键词
康德
机械论
有机论
直观
目的论
Kant
Mechanism
Organism
Intuition
Teleology
