摘要
国家公园的诞生源于人与自然关系的动态演变,其理念是在美国西进运动和第二次工业革命的特定历史背景下出现的。环境危机的加剧等因素促生了人们环境观念的转变,并最终形成了国家公园的原初理念,其精髓在于能够兼容“保护”与“利用”,即自然保护运动所倡导的“保育”理念,既保护国家公园范围内珍贵的自然资源,也同时兼顾当地原住居民所保留下来的文化遗产。国家公园理念之所以为全世界所接受,是由于其背后持续性的推动力量。以梭罗为代表的一批美国学者及政治家凝练出了自然保护思想的核心内涵,此后国际上以世界自然保护联盟为首的各类环境保护组织通过不断倡议和推动建立了保护地体系,世界各国在体系引导下根据实践建立了适合自身国情的国家公园模式。国家公园理念源流自北美,发展于世界,至今百余年的探索历史为国家公园体系的发展奠定了基石,未来将在各国不断生发出更具特色的模式体系。
National parks stem from the dynamic evolution of the relationship between man and nature,and emerged in the specific historical context of the Westward Movement of the United States and the Second Industrial Revolution.The intensification of the environmental crisis and other factors led to a change in environmental concepts and finally formed the original concept of national parks.The essence is to be compatible with“protection”and“use”,that is,the concept of“conservation”advocated by the nature conservation movement,protecting the precious natural resources within the national parks while taking into account the cultural heritage preserved by the local indigenous people.The concept of national parks has been embraced around the world because of the continuous driving force behind it.A group of American scholars and politicians represented by Thoreau condensed the core connotation of nature conservation ideas,and since then,various environmental protection organizations led by the International Union for Conservation of Nature have established a protected area system through continuous advocacy and promotion,and countries around the world have established suitable national park models for their own national conditions according to practice under the guidance of the system.The concept of national parks originated in North America and keeps growing worldly.The exploration history of more than 100 years has laid the cornerstone for the development of the national park system,and more distinctive model systems will continue to evolve in various countries.
作者
张玉钧
宋秉明
张欣瑶
ZHANG Yujun;SONG Bingming;ZHANG Xinyao(College of Landscape Architecture,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China;National Park Research Center,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China;College of Environmental Studies and Oceanography,National Dong Hwa University,Taiwan 97401,China)
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目(21ZDA090)。
关键词
国家公园
理念溯源
发展历程
建设模式
national park
concept origins
development history
construction mode
