摘要
"公共机构认定标准"是世界贸易组织(WTO)法下的一个重要问题,旨在判定国有企业是否构成提供补贴的主体。对国有企业是否属于公共机构的认定,直接关系着国际贸易中提供生产原材料或贷款的国有企业或银行能否构成补贴提供者。作为认定公共机构的法律基础,"公共机构认定标准"相关争议提交至WTO争端解决机构进行审理是反补贴实践中的通常做法。因此,归纳和总结相关WTO案例中形成的"公共机构认定标准",有助于加速我国占比居高的国有企业的对外进出口贸易和解决国有企业"走出去"的困境。为了归纳和总结WTO法"公共机构认定标准",本文从WTO众多案例中提取"欧韩商船案"(DS273)、"中美双反措施案"(DS379)、"印美热轧碳钢案"(DS436)以及"中美反补贴措施案"(DS437)执行之诉作为研究对象,并按各案例作出裁决的时间顺序进行分析和梳理。"中美反补贴措施案"执行之诉是WTO上诉机构于2019年作出裁决的最新案例,本文将予以重点关注。本文阐述WTO诸案例体现的公共机构认定之各项标准,并试图揭示各认定标准内容及其演变过程对中国国企改革实践的启示。
The premise of the conduct of a state-owned enterprise constituting a subsidy is that the state-owned enterprise is a"public body"in the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.Therefore,the identification of whether a state-owned enterprise is a public body is directly related to whether a state-owned enterprise or bank that provides raw materials for production or loans constitutes a subsidy provider in international trade.The"public body identification standard"is the legal basis to identify public bodies.It is common practice in countervailing practice for disputes relating to the identification of public bodies to be referred to the WTO Dispute Settlement Body.Therefore,studying and summarizing the"public body identification standard"formed in the relevant WTO cases will help address the challenges in the import and export trade of China’s state-owned enterprises,which constitute a high percentage of all enterprises in the country,and solve the difficulties in implementing the"going global"strategy by state-owned enterprises.As such,this paper has chosen the"South Korea-Commercial Vessels Case(EC)"(DS273),"US-AntiDumping and Countervailing Duties Case(China)"(DS379),"US-Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Case(India)"(DS436)and the enforcement lawsuit of the"US-Countervailing Measures Case(China)"(DS437)as the subject of study.Since the enforcement lawsuit of the"USCountervailing Measures Case(China)"is the latest case ruled by the WTO Appellate Body in 2019,this paper has devoted more attention to the case.By summarizing the"public body identification standards"formed in the four cases and the evolution process of each"public body identification standard"in WTO cases,the paper describes each"public body identification standard",discusses each standard as well as its evolution,and seeks to offer some enlightenment for the reform of China’s state-owned enterprises.
作者
杨慧婕
Yang Huijie(Law School,Beijing Foreign Studies University)
出处
《区域与全球发展》
2020年第4期66-82,156,157,共19页
Area Studies and Global Development
关键词
公共机构认定标准
“政府控制”标准
“政府权力”标准
“明确的逻辑联系”标准
public body identification standard
"governmental control"standard
"governmental authority"standard
"clear logical connection"standard
