Recent research has challenged the idea that cervid antlers are such costly traits,supporting the assertion early-life antler investment is an honest signal of adult phenotypic quality.However,inferences were made bas...Recent research has challenged the idea that cervid antlers are such costly traits,supporting the assertion early-life antler investment is an honest signal of adult phenotypic quality.However,inferences were made based on antler measurements while growing(velvet)and thus,studies on fully-formed clean antlers are needed to avoid possible bias caused by the inter-individual variation in antler growth phenology.We studied a semi-captive population of European roe deer inhabiting a sub-Mediterranean area(Valsemana research station)and living under optimal conditions(ad libitum food supply and veterinary care).Based on repeated measurements taken from 146 individuals,we assessed whether allocation to secondary sexual traits during early life affected body mass or antler development during adulthood.Furthermore,we evaluated which body measurements better predicted future male quality.Additionally,using 488 individuals,we described age-class-specific variation in male body measurements and assessed the decline in antler size between adult and senescent stages(i.e.magnitude of senescence).Results agree with the assertion that there is no negative effect of a high investment in antler during early life on adult antler size or body mass,but we suggest the use of clean antlers as a more robust and reliable measure.The variables that better predicted body mass during adulthood were yearling body mass and body size at 6 months.Antler score between 10 and 18 months resulted in the best indicator of adult antler size.Finally,we support the idea that the magnitude of senescence in antler size is smaller in environments with higher resource availability during winter.展开更多
This paper examines the early Byzantine bronze lamp found in Southeast Asia(Pong Tuk,Thailand)and in southern China that documented in Yin Ju’s ode in 281 C.E.Basing on these archaeological and written evidences,the ...This paper examines the early Byzantine bronze lamp found in Southeast Asia(Pong Tuk,Thailand)and in southern China that documented in Yin Ju’s ode in 281 C.E.Basing on these archaeological and written evidences,the authors discuss that the new knowledge on Daqin i.e.the Roman Empire in Chinese sources after the third century was acquired via the Funan Kingdom.The rise of Funan and its ability to expand trade with India and even Mediterranean world after the Third-Century Crisis in Rome indicated change of trading mode in Indian Ocean in the age of Late Antiquity.The rise of regional kingdoms from East to West and the spread of new world religions along the sea route were two key factors to start a new type of prosperity in the Indian Ocean trading network.展开更多
基金M.P.acknowledges the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Education(FPU fellowship FPU13/00567)This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science through the INCREMENTO coordinated project(RTI2018-094202-BC21 and RTI2018-094202-A-C22).
文摘Recent research has challenged the idea that cervid antlers are such costly traits,supporting the assertion early-life antler investment is an honest signal of adult phenotypic quality.However,inferences were made based on antler measurements while growing(velvet)and thus,studies on fully-formed clean antlers are needed to avoid possible bias caused by the inter-individual variation in antler growth phenology.We studied a semi-captive population of European roe deer inhabiting a sub-Mediterranean area(Valsemana research station)and living under optimal conditions(ad libitum food supply and veterinary care).Based on repeated measurements taken from 146 individuals,we assessed whether allocation to secondary sexual traits during early life affected body mass or antler development during adulthood.Furthermore,we evaluated which body measurements better predicted future male quality.Additionally,using 488 individuals,we described age-class-specific variation in male body measurements and assessed the decline in antler size between adult and senescent stages(i.e.magnitude of senescence).Results agree with the assertion that there is no negative effect of a high investment in antler during early life on adult antler size or body mass,but we suggest the use of clean antlers as a more robust and reliable measure.The variables that better predicted body mass during adulthood were yearling body mass and body size at 6 months.Antler score between 10 and 18 months resulted in the best indicator of adult antler size.Finally,we support the idea that the magnitude of senescence in antler size is smaller in environments with higher resource availability during winter.
文摘This paper examines the early Byzantine bronze lamp found in Southeast Asia(Pong Tuk,Thailand)and in southern China that documented in Yin Ju’s ode in 281 C.E.Basing on these archaeological and written evidences,the authors discuss that the new knowledge on Daqin i.e.the Roman Empire in Chinese sources after the third century was acquired via the Funan Kingdom.The rise of Funan and its ability to expand trade with India and even Mediterranean world after the Third-Century Crisis in Rome indicated change of trading mode in Indian Ocean in the age of Late Antiquity.The rise of regional kingdoms from East to West and the spread of new world religions along the sea route were two key factors to start a new type of prosperity in the Indian Ocean trading network.
