Rationality is the cornerstone of planning.In recent years,increasing frequency of public health crises and the powerlessness of planning in dealing with such crises have prompted us to rethink the role of planning ra...Rationality is the cornerstone of planning.In recent years,increasing frequency of public health crises and the powerlessness of planning in dealing with such crises have prompted us to rethink the role of planning rationality.This paper argues that both reason as a term specific in philosophy and rationality in decision science are finite,diverse,and complex,and should be understood and applied moderately.Those features also apply to planning rationality,which is based on both philosophical reasoning and decision rationality.In addition,frequent public health crises have greatly undermined the ideal thinking of optimization in a complex city and highlighted the importance of knowledge and methods,and communications and collaborations between professional and non-professional areas.Therefore,it is necessary to put the discussion of planning rationality in terms of its concept,categories,and evolution in the domain of public reason.This can be achieved through joint actions including communication and collaboration.展开更多
This review discusses microbial forensics as an emerging science that finds application in protecting human health.It is important to distinguish naturally acquired infections from those caused by the intentional rele...This review discusses microbial forensics as an emerging science that finds application in protecting human health.It is important to distinguish naturally acquired infections from those caused by the intentional release of microorganisms to the environment.This information is crucial in formulating procedures against the spread of infectious diseases and prosecuting persons who may be involved in acts of biocrime,bioterrorism,or biowarfare.A comparison between epidemiological investigations and microbial forensic investigations is provided.In addition,a discussion on how microbial forensics strengthens health systems is included in this review.Microbial forensic investigations and epidemiologic examinations employ similar concepts and involve identifying and characterising the microbe of interest.Both fields require formulating an appropriate case definition,determining a pathogen’s mode of transmission,and identifying the source(s)of infection.However,the two subdisciplines differ in their objectives.An epidemiological investigation aims to identify the pathogen’s source to prevent the spread of the disease.Microbial forensics focuses on source-tracking to facilitate the prosecution of persons responsible for the spread of a pathogen.Both fields use molecular techniques in analysing and comparing DNA,gene products,and biomolecules to identify and characterise the microorganisms of interest.We included case studies to show methods used in microbial forensic investigations,a brief discussion of the public significance of microbial forensic systems,and a roadmap for establishing a system at a national level.This system is expected to strengthen a country’s capacity to respond to public health emergencies.Several factors must be considered in establishing national microbial forensic systems.First is the inherent ubiquity,diversity,and adaptability of microorganisms that warrants the use of robust and accurate molecular typing systems.Second,the availability of facilities and scientists who have been trained i展开更多
文摘Rationality is the cornerstone of planning.In recent years,increasing frequency of public health crises and the powerlessness of planning in dealing with such crises have prompted us to rethink the role of planning rationality.This paper argues that both reason as a term specific in philosophy and rationality in decision science are finite,diverse,and complex,and should be understood and applied moderately.Those features also apply to planning rationality,which is based on both philosophical reasoning and decision rationality.In addition,frequent public health crises have greatly undermined the ideal thinking of optimization in a complex city and highlighted the importance of knowledge and methods,and communications and collaborations between professional and non-professional areas.Therefore,it is necessary to put the discussion of planning rationality in terms of its concept,categories,and evolution in the domain of public reason.This can be achieved through joint actions including communication and collaboration.
文摘This review discusses microbial forensics as an emerging science that finds application in protecting human health.It is important to distinguish naturally acquired infections from those caused by the intentional release of microorganisms to the environment.This information is crucial in formulating procedures against the spread of infectious diseases and prosecuting persons who may be involved in acts of biocrime,bioterrorism,or biowarfare.A comparison between epidemiological investigations and microbial forensic investigations is provided.In addition,a discussion on how microbial forensics strengthens health systems is included in this review.Microbial forensic investigations and epidemiologic examinations employ similar concepts and involve identifying and characterising the microbe of interest.Both fields require formulating an appropriate case definition,determining a pathogen’s mode of transmission,and identifying the source(s)of infection.However,the two subdisciplines differ in their objectives.An epidemiological investigation aims to identify the pathogen’s source to prevent the spread of the disease.Microbial forensics focuses on source-tracking to facilitate the prosecution of persons responsible for the spread of a pathogen.Both fields use molecular techniques in analysing and comparing DNA,gene products,and biomolecules to identify and characterise the microorganisms of interest.We included case studies to show methods used in microbial forensic investigations,a brief discussion of the public significance of microbial forensic systems,and a roadmap for establishing a system at a national level.This system is expected to strengthen a country’s capacity to respond to public health emergencies.Several factors must be considered in establishing national microbial forensic systems.First is the inherent ubiquity,diversity,and adaptability of microorganisms that warrants the use of robust and accurate molecular typing systems.Second,the availability of facilities and scientists who have been trained i
