Urbanization is becoming the most important human social change in the world, especially in developing countries.However, what is the process of urbanization? What forces are driving the urbanization process? This pap...Urbanization is becoming the most important human social change in the world, especially in developing countries.However, what is the process of urbanization? What forces are driving the urbanization process? This paper summarizes five main processes of urbanization through various aspects of urbanization in different countries, including economic growth and development, demographic change, social transformation, reshaped and stretched urban spaces, and shrinking cities. Based on the comprehensive method of analyzing urbanization, this paper sorts out five driving forces of urbanization, which are industrialization, modernization, globalization, marketization and administrative/institutional power. The author tries to contribute to the healthy development of urbanization in developing countries through the analysis of process and driving force in urbanization.展开更多
文章以经合组织国家为主要对象,利用经合组织家庭数据库(OECD family database)和欧盟的相关数据库,在介绍发达国家家庭政策形成的经济社会背景基础上,梳理了其政策目标、政策类型和具体做法,并对政策效果进行了基于证据的评估。研究发...文章以经合组织国家为主要对象,利用经合组织家庭数据库(OECD family database)和欧盟的相关数据库,在介绍发达国家家庭政策形成的经济社会背景基础上,梳理了其政策目标、政策类型和具体做法,并对政策效果进行了基于证据的评估。研究发现,发达国家的家庭政策是在20世纪七八十年代婚姻和家庭发生重要变化、总和生育率降低至更替水平以下、更多女性进入劳动力市场的背景下逐步形成的。发达国家家庭政策分为两大类,一是平衡工作和家庭类,目的是支持家庭生育养育,主要政策工具包括社会化儿童照护支持政策、儿童家庭照护支持政策(产假、育儿假等);二是税收和福利类,目的是减轻家庭育儿负担、防范儿童贫困,主要政策工具包括收入税减免,现金福利,医疗、教育、儿童照护费用减免,食物券等实物照顾。虽然发达国家家庭政策对鼓励生育的效果难以确定,但在支持女性就业方面有积极作用,减轻儿童贫困的成效也较为显著。我国应结合自身福利制度特点构建积极的家庭政策,不宜对家庭政策鼓励生育的效果有过高期待,在加大投入的同时更加重视政策细节设计,并促进“一老一小”家庭支持政策的有机结合。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41590844)the National Key Research and Development Project (Grant No. 2018YFD1100105)
文摘Urbanization is becoming the most important human social change in the world, especially in developing countries.However, what is the process of urbanization? What forces are driving the urbanization process? This paper summarizes five main processes of urbanization through various aspects of urbanization in different countries, including economic growth and development, demographic change, social transformation, reshaped and stretched urban spaces, and shrinking cities. Based on the comprehensive method of analyzing urbanization, this paper sorts out five driving forces of urbanization, which are industrialization, modernization, globalization, marketization and administrative/institutional power. The author tries to contribute to the healthy development of urbanization in developing countries through the analysis of process and driving force in urbanization.
文摘文章以经合组织国家为主要对象,利用经合组织家庭数据库(OECD family database)和欧盟的相关数据库,在介绍发达国家家庭政策形成的经济社会背景基础上,梳理了其政策目标、政策类型和具体做法,并对政策效果进行了基于证据的评估。研究发现,发达国家的家庭政策是在20世纪七八十年代婚姻和家庭发生重要变化、总和生育率降低至更替水平以下、更多女性进入劳动力市场的背景下逐步形成的。发达国家家庭政策分为两大类,一是平衡工作和家庭类,目的是支持家庭生育养育,主要政策工具包括社会化儿童照护支持政策、儿童家庭照护支持政策(产假、育儿假等);二是税收和福利类,目的是减轻家庭育儿负担、防范儿童贫困,主要政策工具包括收入税减免,现金福利,医疗、教育、儿童照护费用减免,食物券等实物照顾。虽然发达国家家庭政策对鼓励生育的效果难以确定,但在支持女性就业方面有积极作用,减轻儿童贫困的成效也较为显著。我国应结合自身福利制度特点构建积极的家庭政策,不宜对家庭政策鼓励生育的效果有过高期待,在加大投入的同时更加重视政策细节设计,并促进“一老一小”家庭支持政策的有机结合。
