摘要
文章以经合组织国家为主要对象,利用经合组织家庭数据库(OECD family database)和欧盟的相关数据库,在介绍发达国家家庭政策形成的经济社会背景基础上,梳理了其政策目标、政策类型和具体做法,并对政策效果进行了基于证据的评估。研究发现,发达国家的家庭政策是在20世纪七八十年代婚姻和家庭发生重要变化、总和生育率降低至更替水平以下、更多女性进入劳动力市场的背景下逐步形成的。发达国家家庭政策分为两大类,一是平衡工作和家庭类,目的是支持家庭生育养育,主要政策工具包括社会化儿童照护支持政策、儿童家庭照护支持政策(产假、育儿假等);二是税收和福利类,目的是减轻家庭育儿负担、防范儿童贫困,主要政策工具包括收入税减免,现金福利,医疗、教育、儿童照护费用减免,食物券等实物照顾。虽然发达国家家庭政策对鼓励生育的效果难以确定,但在支持女性就业方面有积极作用,减轻儿童贫困的成效也较为显著。我国应结合自身福利制度特点构建积极的家庭政策,不宜对家庭政策鼓励生育的效果有过高期待,在加大投入的同时更加重视政策细节设计,并促进“一老一小”家庭支持政策的有机结合。
It is useful to review the practices and outcomes of family policies in developed countries when China considers adopting more active family policies. The paper discusses the objectives, practices of family policies and their socioeconomic background in OECD countries, and evaluate their outcome based on the OECD family database and EU database. This paper finds that it was in the 1970s and 1980s, family changes took place with the total fertility rate decreasing to below 2.1, and more mothers went to labor market in Western countries, when family policies came into being. Family policies in developed countries can be classified into two types. One is reconciling work and care for supporting support childcare and mothers’ employment, and the main policy instruments include socialized childcare support and family childcare support(maternity leave, parental leave, etc.). The other is tax and benefit policies for relieving financial burdens of raising children and relieving child poverty and the policy instruments include income tax concession, income or non-income related cash benefits, the mitigation of charges for health, education or childcare, and other help in kind such as food stamps. The outcomes of family policies are mixed. It is difficult to interpret and explain whether family policies help to enhance fertility rates. It seems effective in supporting mothers’ employment. And it is successful in relieving child poverty. China should design its family policy based on its own welfare development, have lower expectations for enhancing fertility rates through family policies, pay more attention to policy design while raising expenditures, and integrate the family support policies for the elderly and children.
作者
王列军
Wang Liejun(Department of Social and Cultural Development,Development Research Center of the State Council,Beijing)
出处
《经济社会体制比较》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第1期155-164,共10页
Comparative Economic & Social Systems
关键词
家庭政策
社会政策
福利国家
人口转变
发达国家
Family Policy
Social Policy
Welfare State
Demographic Change
Developed Countries
