摘要
根据我国《信托法》第37条第1款,受托人在未违背管理职责或事务处理不当时所承担的对外责任类型尚不明确。以“合理信赖说”“连带清偿说”和“反向推导说”为代表的无限责任论难以自圆其说,体系解释路径遭遇梗阻。无论受托人对外责任作何设置,均要求从规范层面进行利益衡量,其中包含三个核心步骤:在宏观上锚定利益衡量的核心标准;在中观上明确利益表达的规则形式;在微观上运用利益衡量的具体公式。基于这一分析框架,建议受托人对外责任以信托目的为基础,确立民事信托与商事信托二分的规制逻辑;采用缺省性规则与赋权性规则组合的利益表达;并运用二阶利益衡量公式,完成对责任规则的形塑与修正。最终成型的受托人责任模式中,民事信托和慈善信托应以受托人无限责任为缺省性规则,以登记为条件的有限责任为赋权性规则;而商事信托则在信托组织化的基础上以受托人有限责任为缺省性规则,以自治性选入的无限责任为赋权性规则。
According to Article 37(1)of PRC Trust Law,the types of external liability borne by trustees when they have not violated their management duties or handled affairs improperly remain unclear.The theories of unlimited liability,such as the“reasonable reliance theory,”“joint compensation theory,”and“reverse inference theory,”struggle to be self-consistent,and systematic interpretative approaches face obstacles.Regardless of the setting of trustee's external liability,it is essentially a measure of interest at the normative level,which contains three key steps:anchoring the core standard of interest measurement at the macro level;clarifying the type of rules for the expression of interest at the meso level;and applying the specific formula for the measurement of interest at the micro level.Under the guidance of this framework,the external liability of trustees should establish the regulatory logic of the dichotomy between civil trusts and commercial trusts;introduce the liability model of the combination of default and enabling rules;and complete the shaping and amendment of the liability rules based on the second-order efficiency measurement formula.In the finalized liability model,civil trusts and charitable trusts use trusteesu'nlimited liability as the default rule and conditional opt-in limited liability as the enabling rule,while commercial trusts use trustees'limited liability as the default rule and autonomous opt-in unlimited liability as the enabling rule on the basis of trust organization.
出处
《中国政法大学学报》
CSSCI
2024年第6期208-222,共15页
Journal Of CUPL
基金
司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目“商事外观主义研究”(项目批准号:19SFB2041)的阶段性成果。
关键词
商事信托
缺省性规则
第三人责任
赋权性规则
无限责任
commercial trust
default rules
limited liability trust
enabling rules
unlimited liability
