摘要
清朝前期努力以传统的“朝贡—册封”体制来规范和解释中欧互动,将欧洲各国等量齐观地视作亚洲各朝贡国,强行纳入“朝贡体系”的想象之中。而康熙开海之后则开始更加务实地正视与承认这些国家与中国交往的纯粹经济动因,就规范语言的角度来看,原本的“朝贡国”之外又提出了“互市国”概念并举。由此可以看到,清朝对于荷兰、西洋等欧洲国家事务的秩序设计,明显经历了一个由“朝贡”到“朝贡”与“互市”杂糅的转变,这一转变可以窥见清政府面对全新交往对象,突破旧有交往模式的调试努力与纠结心态。
The Qing Dynasty's legal framework concerning Europe,derived from statutes like the Da Qing Huidian(Collected statutes of the great Qing dynasty),Libu Zeli(Precedents of the Board of Rites),and the Da Qing Luli(Great Qing Legal Code),was fundamentally categorized into two levels and illustrated a shift from conceptual design to practical accommodation.In political and ceremonial contexts,against the backdrop of early interactions with nations such as the Netherlands and other Western countries,the Qing government endeavored to maintain a traditional tributary system to govern these relations.Following the Kangxi Emperor's maritime opening,the Qing's stance towards European nations evolved into a pragmatic acknowledgment of the predominantly economic drivers of their engagements with China.From a regulatory standpoint,the introduction of the"mutual-trading states"(Hu Shi Guo)concept extended beyond the original"tributary states"(Chao Gong Guo),leading to the formulation of specialized laws and regulations that governed economic transactions between China and the West.This initiative resulted in a new,comprehensive regulatory framework for the mutual trading system,expanding beyond the conventional tributary structure.During the early to mid-Qing Dynasty,the"tributary system'that purportedly governed interactions between the Qing and Europe largely reflected the Qing's unilateral aspirations rather than reality.This framework was built on the Qing's imagination,selective translation of laws and regulations,and only superficial adherence by European counterparts.Therefore,there was a notable discrepancy between this designed system and the actual Qing-European relations,as well as the real understanding of Europeans at that time.Nonetheless,this imagined system of engagement did manage to sustain interactions,albeit grudgingly,between the Qing and Europe over an extended period before the end of the Qing Dynasty.From the European traders'perspective on the deliberately designed"tributary system"during the early Qing
出处
《当代法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第4期150-160,共11页
Contemporary Law Review
基金
国家社科基金青年项目“清朝对外法律秩序体系研究”(22CFX053)的阶段性研究成果。
