摘要
提要汉语“把/被”字句否定式一直存在PP-Neg型语序。关于PP-Neg型“把/被”字句否定式产生的动因,语言学界一直存在“语言接触说”,即认为这种语法结构是受蒙古语等外族语的影响而生成的。本文在说明了“语言接触说”证据不足的同时,考虑到汉语“把/被”字句(否定式)在不同方言区中的复杂情况,论证了汉语PP-Neg型“把/被”字句否定式自身演变的可能性,主要涉及连动句语法化为介词句的过程中句法语义上的演变。具体来说,汉语连动句到介词句的演变过程中,介词句S+PP+VP中的PP与VP之间的关系要比连动句S+VP1+VP2中的VP1和VP2之间的关系更为紧密,不太允许否定词插入其中。消极性条件、信息价值条件、焦点性条件、话题性条件和语篇性条件等都是影响PP-Neg型“把/被”字句否定式产生的因素。并且现代汉语中,还有S+Neg+PP+VP_动≠S+PP+Neg+VP_动及S+Neg+PP+VP_静=S+PP+Neg+VP_静这样的等与不等的关系。
There has been S+Ba(把)/Bei(被)NP+Neg+VP in Mandarin Chinese.Regarding the motivation of S+Ba/Bei NP+Neg+VP,there has always been a“linguistic contact theory”in linguistics,that is,it is believed that this grammatical structure is generated by the influence of Mongolian and other foreign languages.We show that the theory of language contact can hardly provide sufficient evidence for the emergence of S+Ba/Bei NP+Neg+VP,and considering the complexity of S+Ba/Bei NP(+Neg)+VP in Chinese dialect,the emergence of the construction is possible by itself change in Mandarin Chinese.The change mainly involves syntactic-semantic grammaticalization from serial verbal constructions to prepositional constructions.Specifically,in the evolution of Chinese serial verbal constructions to prepositional constructions,the relationship between PP and VP in the prepositional constructions(S+PP+VP)is closer than the relationship between VP1 and VP2 in the serial verbal constructions(S+VP1+VP2),And the negative words are not allowed to be inserted into it.Motivations of S+Ba/Bei NP+Neg+VP include these conditions:negative,information value,negative focus,topic and discourse.And there are two kinds of relationships in modern Chinese,namely S+Neg+PP+VPactive≠S+PP+Neg+VPactiveand S+Neg+PP+VPstative=S+PP+Neg+VPstative.
基金
国家社科基金一般项目“(交互)主观性视域下汉语否定词的浮动研究”(项目编号:21BYY150)。
关键词
“把/被”字句否定式
语序
动因
语言接触
语法化
Negative forms of Ba(把)/Bei(被)-construction
Word order
Motivation
Language contact
Grammaticalization
