摘要
《民法典》创设的离婚冷静期制度在实施过程中陆续遭遇制度规避问题。这与制度建构和实施过程中,制度支持论者、反对论者和改造论者并没有推动社会形成关于制度正当性及其合理实施的共识密切相关。共识没有形成的主要原因是,离婚自由的保护及其边界问题并未在既有讨论中得到严肃且全面的对待。透过宪法学审思发现,离婚冷静期制度的框架并未实质性剥夺当事人对于解除婚姻关系的最终意志自由因而并不违宪,但因忽视离婚自由权的全面保护而存在多项制度内容上的瑕疵。由于婚姻家庭稳定价值需要以离婚自由价值作为支持,故离婚冷静期制度的立法目的应作严格和明确的合宪性重述,并在此基础上建构除外适用情形。因离婚自由约束双方当事人并要求国家承担基本权的平等保护义务,故应该取消推定的申请登记撤回权并建立行使申请登记撤回权的实体和程序规则。离婚自由的实现还依赖于关联权利的有效保护,因此应在离婚冷静期制度中补充保护弱势一方人身和财产等权利的内容。
The cooling-off period for divorce created by the Civil Code has successively encountered problems of system circumvention during the implementation process.This is closely related to the fact that in the process of system construction and implementation,institutional supporters,opponents and transformation theorists do not promote the formation of a consensus on the legitimacy of institution and its rational implementation in society.The main reason for the lack of consensus is that the protection of freedom to divorce and its boundaries have not been taken seriously and comprehensively in existing discussions.Through constitutional reflection,it has been found that the framework of the divorce cooling-off period system does not substantially deprive the parties of their ultimate freedom of will to terminate the marriage relationship,and therefore does not violate the constitution.However,due to the neglect of the comprehensive protection of the right to divorce freedom,there are multiple flaws in the content of the system.Guided by the constitutional interpretation of the freedom to divorce,the relevant institutional flaws can be eliminated.Since the value of marriage and family stability needs to be supported by the value of divorce freedom,the legislative purpose of the divorce cooling-off period system should be strictly and clearly restated in constitutionality,and the exclusionary circumstances should be constructed on this basis.Since the freedom of divorce binds the parties and imposes the State's obligation of equal protection of fundamental rights,the presumptive right of withdrawal of application for registration should be abolished and substantive and procedural rules for the exercise of the right of withdrawal of application for registration should be established.The realization of the freedom of divorce also depends on the effective protection of related rights,so the content of protecting the rights of the vulnerable party such as personal and property should be supplemented in the cooling-off per
出处
《荆楚法学》
2023年第4期31-42,共12页
Jingchu Law Review
基金
国家社科基金重大研究专项项目“社会主义核心价值观与文化法律制度的构建研究”(项目编号:19VHJ018)
江苏高校哲学社会科学研究一般项目“离婚冷静期制度的合宪性实施研究”(项目编号:2021SJA1362)
2022年教育部人文社会科学规划基金青年项目“新时代家国关系规范化的宪法路径研究”(项目编号:22YJC820033)的阶段性成果。
关键词
《民法典》
离婚自由
离婚冷静期
宪法
基本权利
Civil Code
Freedom of Divorce
Cooling-off Period for Divorce
Constitution
Fun-damental Rights
