摘要
债权人撤销权程序在诉判关系和审执关系上存在错配。最高人民法院118号指导案例中的债权人仅诉请撤销,但法院却在此基础上判决返还股权,有违处分原则。鉴于给付效果存在多种解释,宜将其在诉讼中作为主要争点处理。返还关系属于独立的诉讼标的,法院应在释明的前提下对两诉合并审理,如此也有利于债权人明示关于给付效果的具体诉求。以该案为代表的裁判规则认为撤销后返还的给付判决具备执行力,此种理解混淆了主债权抑或撤销权作为执行的权利基础。基于保全债务人责任财产的目的,撤销权判决无需被执行。责任说下的相对人向债权人承担一般担保责任、落实给付关系须以主债权可执行为前提。物权说下的债权人本非受领主体,要求相对人向其履行的主张亦可被解释为关于主债权的诉请,若主债权无法执行则难以介入。如该案原告同时提起主债权给付诉讼,为维护其他竞争债权人的受偿可能,宜将撤销权判决认定为主债权执行过程中确认责任财产所在的线索,该判决原则上不能作为执行依据。
There is a mismatch between lawsuit and judgement,trial and execution in the procedure of creditor's revocation right.In Guiding Case No.118,the creditor only sued for revocation,but the court decided to return the equity which goes against disposition principle.As the effect of payment can be interpreted in multiple ways,it should be treated as a main point of contention in litigation.The issue of returning relationship should be treated as an independent subject of litigation,and the court need consolidate the two lawsuits,so the creditor can also be prompted to express the specific claims on the payment.The rule of judgement represented by this case,which concerns revocation and subsequent return of payment as enforceable,confuses the legal basis of the right to enforce between the main creditor's right and the revocation right.Based on the purpose of preserving the property of the liable person,creditor's revocation right judgement does not need to be enforced.Under the theory of liability,the liable person should assume general guarantee liability towards the creditor,and the implementation of payment relationship should be based on the premise of enforceabilitv of the main creditor's right.According to the theory of property rights,the creditor is not the recipient of the main subject,and the claim for performance from the liable person can also be interpreted as a claim for the main creditor's right,which would be difficult to intervene if the main creditor's right cannot be enforced.If the plaintiff in this case simultaneously brings a lawsuit for payment of the main creditor's right,in order to protect the possibility of compensation for other competing creditors,the revocation right judgement should be regarded as a clue to the location of the liable person's property during the execution process of the main creditor's right,and this judgement should not be used as the title of enforcement in principle.
出处
《法学》
北大核心
2023年第8期117-132,共16页
Law Science
基金
中国法学会民法学研究会2022年青年学者研究项目“民法典相关规则对强制执行法的影响”(项目编号:2022MFXH008)的阶段性成果。
关键词
债权人撤销权
债权保全
处分原则
申请执行权
执行依据
creditor's revocation right
preservation of creditor's right
disposition principle
right of application for execution
title of enforcement
