摘要
落后国家要想实现发展,就需要利用好自己的相对优势,即比较优势与后发优势。“比较优势”是重要的,因为只有符合要素结构比较优势的产业结构,才能避免陷入“结构赶超”的泥潭。但是落后国家的“初级要素丰裕比较优势”较为脆弱,并不久就会发生衰减甚至消失,难以产生“趋同”所需要的持久的较高增长,而发达国家凭借其“优质要素丰裕比较优势”,反倒可以持续增长。“后发优势”是指落后国家可以以较低的成本、较快的速度,通过学习、引进、吸收、利用世界上已经存在的知识与技术,增加自己的知识要素,实现可持续的较快增长。这两种相对优势可以共同发挥作用,但二者具有相互独立的特征。后发优势是落后国家特有的一种发展要素,不仅在发展的每一个阶段上都发挥着重要的作用,而且在“中等收入”及以后的发展阶段上,发挥着更加重要的作用。最终能否实现与发达国家产业结构与收入水平“趋同”,关键在于能否充分发挥后发优势。
In order to"converge"its income level and economic structure with developed countries,a backward economy must utilize its"relative advantages",i.e.,the"comparative advantage"and"latecomer advantage"to generate higher growth rate.As the backward countries’comparative advantage is only based on the primary production factors such as low-skilled labor or natural resources,it may only play roles in early stage of growth before the wage income reaches the"middle"level and loses competitiveness to peer(low income)economies.On the other hand,developed economies enjoy their comparative advantages of"quality factors abundance"such as human capital,knowledge stock,and innovation capabilities,that lead rather to divergence.For a backward economy,the only way of narrowing the gap is to fully and continuously,through all stages of development,utilize the"latecomer advantage",i.e.,to explore the opportunities provided by the technology diffusion and knowledge spillover from the developed countries,through the opening-up,in addition to upgrading its own education and R&D efforts.The key issue here is that without narrowing down the gap of quality factors,the convergence will not be truly achieved.
作者
樊纲
Fan Gang(Peking University HSBS Business School;Beijing National Economic Research Institute)
出处
《管理世界》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第2期13-21,37,共10页
Journal of Management World
关键词
经济发展
比较优势
后发优势
趋同
知识外溢
economic development
comparative advantage
latecomer advantage
convergence
knowledge spillover
