摘要
19世纪末20世纪初,“西学东渐”是中西文化交流的主轴,但1930年中国京剧表演艺术家梅兰芳访美则是“中学西传”的一大成功案例,占得了中国京剧文化走向美国社会的先机,是一次“文化在地化”的重大实践。京剧文化在地化需要具备知己知彼的能力、保护和改良京剧的能力、获得美国戏剧专家认同的能力。梅兰芳和他的团队如何理性认知京剧的优劣、如何全面了解美国文化和观众的偏好、如何改良中国京剧的形式和内容,以及美国戏剧界如何评价梅兰芳的表演、如何解释梅兰芳京剧对美国戏剧文化的影响,都是值得研究的课题。近百年前梅兰芳访美的成功,表明文化在地化需要坚持有所为而有所不为,复兴和复古传统京剧是一种唤醒意义的“道返”和“追忆”,中美文化交流需要遵循“对等适度”的双向改良,而文化在地化过程的“顿挫”现象属于常态。理性分析百年前中美戏剧的民间交流、寻求当下中美文化交流的新途径,在今天仍然具有现实意义。
During the late 19^(th) and early 20^(th) centuries,“Western learning”was the main axis of cultural exchange between China and the West,but the visit of Chinese Peking Opera performer Mei Lanfang to the United States in 1930 was a major success story of Chinese cultural transmission to the West.By taking the precedent of bringing Peking Opera to American society,it showcased a significant practice of inculturation,which required a high degree of self-awareness,the knowledge of the host country,a desire to preserve and improve a prized art,and the ability to gain the recognition of American theater professionals.Mei’s visit generated several aspects of cultural studies worthy of scholarly inquiries,including the ways in which Mei and his team rationally assessed the strengths and weaknesses of Peking Opera,the degree to which they comprehensively understood the American culture and audience preferences,the willingness with which they improved the form and content of Peking Opera,and the enthusiasm with which the American theater community evaluated Mei’s performances and explained his impact on American theater culture.The success of Mei Lanfang’s visit to the U.S.demonstrates that successful inculturation is often contingent upon a realistic evaluation of the achievable vs.the impractical,an ability to accomplish the former,and a willingness to forsake the latter.Revisiting Mei’s visit and analyzing its significance serves to awaken the consciousness and appreciation of not only a cultural renaissance and recollection but also the principle of equal propriety in conducting mutual relations,occasional setbacks notwithstanding.At a time when there are serious misunderstandings between China and the U.S.,it is highly meaningful to study the people⁃to⁃people interactions between the Chinese and American theater communities nearly a century ago in order to seek new ways of enhancing cultural exchanges and understanding between China and the United States in the present situation.
作者
洪朝辉
董存发
HONG Zhaohui;DONG Cunfa(Fordham University,New York 10458,USA;Center of Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Governance,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)
出处
《河北师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
2022年第4期12-25,共14页
Journal of Hebei Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
关键词
梅兰芳
京剧
中学西传
中美文化交流
Mei Lanfang
Peking Opera
the Western transmission of Eastern learning
US⁃China cultural exchange
