摘要
美国是1918大流感的重灾区。“战事优先”的国策、空前规模的练兵以及世界范围的军队调动和交战给疫情广泛传播创造了条件,同时也严重削弱了美国的防疫力量。史无前例的疫情使美国社会陷入极度恐慌,催生了形形色色的疫情“地理溯源”,有些媒体将本应属于科学范畴的“流感溯源”变为带有地缘政治色彩的“流感污名”,“西班牙流感”“俄国流感”“德国投毒”“中国瘟疫”等说法相继登场。不合理的大流感“地理溯源”在当时就受到美国医界有识之士、乃至中国医学专家的质疑。疫情结束后,大流感溯源成为纯粹医学科学领域的专业问题,寻找导致疫情真正的病原体成为首要问题。美国及其他国家科学家先后发现1918大流感病毒并完成基因测序,在发现1918大流感病原体方面取得划时代的进展,起源地溯源的重要性已经退居其次。虽然1918大流感地理源头尚不能定谳,但医学科学的发展已经足以否定美国1918大流感期间荒诞的“地理溯源”。历史地看,1918大流感期间,部分媒体人的轻率言论既妨碍科学地探索疫情起源与传播的规律,又破坏了正常的国际合作和国际关系,值得深思。
The United States was hard hit by the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918.Its“war-priority”national policy,unprecedented military training and worldwide troop movements and engagements created the conditions for the wide spread of the pandemic and at the same time severely weakened US preparedness.The unprecedented influenza pandemic threw American society into a state of extreme panic,giving rise to all kinds of hypotheses about its geographic origin.Some media turned scientific“tracking of the flu”into a succession of pejorative geopolitical exonyms such as“Spanish flu,”“Russian flu,”“German poison,”“Chinese plague,”etc.The groundless ascription of a geographic origin to the influenza pandemic was questioned at the time by insightful American medical professionals and even by Chinese medical experts.In the aftermath of the influenza pandemic,its tracking became a specialist issue in pure medical science,with the search for the pathogen of the pandemic becoming a priority.The discovery and genetic sequencing of the 1918 influenza pandemic virus by scientists in the US and other countries led to landmark advances in the discovery of the pathogen,so that the importance of tracing it back to its place of origin has taken a back seat.Although evidence of the geographic origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic is not conclusive,medical science has developed enough to disprove the ridiculous“geographical tracking”in the US during the pandemic.Historically,the ill-considered media statements during the pandemic not only hindered the scientific exploration of its origins and spread,but also disrupted normal international cooperation and international relations.We should learn the lesson of these events.
出处
《中国社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第1期63-89,205,206,共29页
Social Sciences in China
基金
上海市社会科学界联合会历史学会课题研究项目“1918大流感时期美国舆论中的疫情溯源的误判与消解”(2020LSXH02)阶段性成果。
