摘要
租借是第二次世界大战期间美国实行的一种对盟国提供军事和经济援助的政策。德国进攻苏联以后,英美立即与苏联捐弃前嫌,并很快开始向苏联提供援助。虽然1941年10月签订了第一次对苏租借协定,但1942年6月才正式将对苏援助纳入租借的框架。不过,与英国和所有其他受援国不同,苏联享受的是"无条件援助"和优先地位。由于生产和运输能力等各方面原因,1943年之前运到苏联的租借物资很有限,远未实现协定的承诺。此后对苏租借情况大大改观,大规模租借武器和物资的到来,对苏联大举反攻并直捣柏林发挥了重要作用。租借法规定,租借只是战时的援助政策。到战争后期,因租借物资涉及战后重建问题,美苏第三次和第四次租借谈判分歧加大,步履艰难,甚至在德国投降后出现了中断租借援助的情况。虽然美国很快收回了停运和返航的命令,且通过"管道"协议妥善处理了租借剩余物资问题,但美苏之间的隔阂和矛盾并未从根本上消除。租借是盟国对法西斯作战的"胜利武器",却未能成为昔日盟友在战后的"和平工具"。
During World War Ⅱ the US government provided military and economic assistance to its allies by formulating a "lend-lease"policy. After Germany attacked the Soviet Union,the British and American governments put aside their previous grievances against the Soviet Union and began to provide assistance to the latter. In October 1941,the US government signed its first Lend-Lease agreement with the Soviets but did not officially include the Soviet Union into the Lend-Lease policy frame until June 1942. Unlike Britain and other recipients of US assistance, however, the Soviet Union enjoyed a prioritized position of unconditional assistance. Restrained by production and transportation capabilities,before 1943 the United States was unable to deliver the promised amount of aid materials to the Soviet Union. The situation improved significantly afterwards,and the massive Lend-Lease assistance contributed crucially to the Soviet counteroffensive against Germany that culminated in the Red Armys entering Berlin. Yet,the US LendLease Act stipulated that Lend-Lease assistance was a policy only for the war years. In the final stage of the war,issues of postwar reconstruction became entangled with Lend-Lease assistance. The third and fourth US-USSR Lend-Lease negotiations stalled because of the increasingly distant stances of the two sides. After Germany surrendered,the delivery of Lend-Lease materials was even suspended briefly. Although the US government soon rescinded its orders for suspending or recalling Lend-Lease shipments and solved the problem of undelivered Lend-Lease materials through a pipeline agreement, the misgivings and disagreements between the two governments did not disappear. Ultimately,having served as a weapon for victory in battling Fascism,Lend-Lease failed to transform into an instrument for peace for the two former allies in the postwar years.
出处
《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第5期1-59,208,共60页
Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
基金
华东师范大学“幸福之花”基金先导项目(2019ECNU-XFZH002)。
