摘要
指南针史的重要标志——8世纪僧一行观测磁偏角已获确认,本文以此为新的立足点,进一步探索司南酌、盘针和指南鱼等问题。磁针指南的发现早于磁石指南。司南酌的磁针最初得自"磁石引针",后来革新为"以磁石磨针锋",方家的师承家法和朝廷的禁令使其长期秘而不宣。沈括的《梦溪笔谈》之前,北宋堪舆家廖瑀已明文记载"以磁石磨针锋"。唐代磁性"针石"一再出现,说明方家早已掌握"以磁石磨针锋"之法。僧一行"针诀"、张说《咏瓢》与韦肇《瓢赋》相互参证,从瓢针司南酌向针碗浮针、盘针和两种指南鱼的过渡有迹可寻,证实司南酌确系瓢针组合。作者还根据《事林广记》木刻"指南鱼"的记载,提供了一种新的复原图。
It establishes a new research basis of the history of the magnetic compass in China that Yixing’s observation of declination has been confirmed.The author discusses the sinan zhuo,magnetic compass,and two south-directing fishes,etc.The discovery of the magnetic directivity of the needle was earlier than that of the lodestone.The magnetic needle of the early sinan zhuo was the needle attracted by the good lodestone.Later on,magicians obtained the magnetic needles with the new way of "rubbing the tip of a needle with the lodestone." Magicians’ tradition and the imperial ban made them secret for a long time.Before Shen Kuo’s Mengxi Bitan,a magician,Liao Yu,had clearly stated the phrase "rubbing the tip of a needle with the lodestone." Given that the phrase "magnetic needle and lodestone" was repeatedly mentioned in the Tang Dynasty,the magicians had already mastered the method of that.The Buddhist Yixing’s needle instructions in rhyme and Zhang Yue’s poem,The Scoop,are closely related to Wei Zhao’s Piao fu,further confirming that the sinan zhuo is a combination of the needle and scoop.The transition,from the sinan zhuo to the floating needle in the bowl,wet compasses,and two kinds of the south-directing fishes,can be traced.The author newly restores the floating wooden fish containing the lodestone and needle described in the Shilin Guangji.
作者
闻人军
WENREN Jun(Sunnyvale,California,94087,USA)
出处
《自然辩证法通讯》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第8期52-60,共9页
Journal of Dialectics of Nature
