摘要
当前全球气候变化与碳减排形势严峻,减少碳排放需要生产者、消费者的共同努力,也需要世界各国的携手合作。科学合理的碳排放责任评价方法辅以针对性的减碳政策可以建立正确的价值导向,有效促进各方采取减碳行动,同时也有利于各利益相关方接受并承担自身相应的减排义务促进国家之间的减排合作,是推动解决气候变化问题的重要基础。基于上述出发点,并借鉴已有的环境责任核算研究,碳排放责任应同时符合标准化原则、一致性原则和有效性原则,以实现尽可能有效促进多方碳减排行动的目标。目前现有的碳排放责任核算方法主要有生产者责任法、消费者责任法和各类责任分摊法,但这些方法均尚存争议,不能同时满足以上三个原则,具有较大的局限性。针对以上问题,作者在对已有的碳排放责任分摊方法进行研究的基础上提出了碳排放责任分摊的新方法“基于基准值的碳排放责任核算方法”。新方法基于产品碳排放基准值划分排放责任,在能耗与材耗的问题上统一了核算边界,并且在使生产者和终端消费者共同承担责任的基础上,实现了其排放责任与可采取的减排行动相对应,形成了核算生产和消费各环节碳排放责任的框架体系。在这一框架下,生产者追求生产时的节材与高效,而终端消费者则追求减少非生产能耗和高碳产品的消费。同时,通过管控消费领域的碳排放责任即可实现对全社会直接碳排放的控制,避免了碳排放配额对生产侧产业结构调整的影响。新方法为碳减排政策的制定提供了新的参考依据,有助于促进中国生产和消费两侧的碳减排行动,也为国际社会的碳排放责任核算提供了新视角。
At present,the situation of climate change is grim.Carbon emission reduction requires cooperation between producers and consumers,involving all countries in the world.Scientific and rational carbon emission responsibility allocation methods are of great significance for reducing carbon emissions.Based on the background above,and drawing lessons from existing research,this study considers that carbon emission responsibility allocation should conform to the principles of standardization,consistency and effectiveness at the same time,so as to achieve the goal of promoting multi-party carbon emission reduction actions.At present,the existing methods mainly include the producer approach,the consumer approach and the shared responsibility approach,but these methods are still controversial,cannot meet the requirements of the three principles and have great limitations.To solve these problems,this study proposes a new approach which allocates the emission responsibility based on the product emission benchmark,unifies the accounting boundary,and realizes the correspondence between emission responsibility and the feasible emission reduction actions of different stakeholders.This study forms a framework for carbon emission responsibility allocation on the industrial chain.Under this framework,producers pursue the improvement of efficiency of energy and material use,while end consumers pursue the reduction of product consumption.The direct emissions of the whole society can be controlled by controlling the emission responsibility of the consumption side,avoiding the negative impact of carbon quota on the industrial structure adjustment.The new method provides a new reference for the formulation of emission reduction policies,helps to promote emission reduction actions in China,and provides a new perspective for the international emission responsibility allocation.
作者
张洋
江亿
胡姗
燕达
ZHANG Yang;JIANG Yi;HU Shan;YAN Da(Building Energy Research Center,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)
出处
《中国人口·资源与环境》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2020年第11期43-53,共11页
China Population,Resources and Environment
基金
国家重点研发计划“民用建筑‘四节一环保’大数据及数据获取机制构建”(批准号:2018YFC0704300)。
关键词
气候变化
碳排放责任核算
产品碳排放基准值
climate change
carbon emission responsibility accounting
product emission benchmark
