摘要
货币法偿性是国家货币发行权中“调节货币价值”的体现,其目的是保障不足值货币的顺利流通。货币法偿性的正当性经历了货币王权主导下的“严格强制使用”、宪制背景下从国家“应接受”到私人“可偿付”的转变,其现代意义在于保障国家货币为主导的多层次货币支付体系的有效运行。货币法偿性并非直接要求当事人不得拒绝接受国家货币,对于公法之债,国家货币具有严格的法定偿付效力;但对于私法之债,双方当事人可约定排除国家货币的使用,经营者也可在符合交易习惯等情形下单方拒绝接受国家货币。我国人民币法偿性兼具“严格强制使用”与“可偿付”特征,其在实践中出现了执法对立法的偏离,不利于人民币的有序流通,因此需要在法偿数额、例外规定等方面进行完善。我国即将发行的法定数字货币应界定为有限的法偿性,其体现在该货币的偿付数额与支付用途受到法定限制。此外,应允许双方当事人约定或经营者依法单方排除该货币的法偿性。
Legal tender is a manifestation of the national power to regulate monetary value,which pursues to ensure the smooth operation of the undervalue money.The legitimacy of legal tender is originated from the“strictly compulsory use”under the royal monetary prerogative,and it has undergone a transformation from the“acceptance by the nation”to“tender by the private person”under the constitutional law,which shows a growing respect for private choice of payment instruments.Currently,its modern significance lies in guaranteeing the operation of the multi-level monetary payment system dominated by national currency.Legal tender applies to the money issued by the nations or intergovernmental international organizations as a medium of exchange and as unlimited forms.More importantly,the nature of legal tender does not directly forbid the parties to refuse to accept the national currency.In terms of the debts of public law,the national currency has a strict legal tender effect.On the other hand,in terms of the debts of private law,if the parties do not agree on a specific method of payment,the full amount paid by the debtor in the national currency shall be deemed as the proper performance of the contract.Besides,the market operator may unilaterally refuse to accept the national currency under certain circumstances,including conforming to the transaction customs,“reasonable or fair”,and necessary procedures.The legislation of legal tender in China(Renminbi)has the characteristics of“strict compulsory use”and“tender”;In practice,the law enforcement of legal tender has shown the deviation from the legislation as well as differences in policy choices of relevant government departments,which is not conducive to the orderly circulation of Renminbi.Therefore,the legislation of legal tender should be improved from multiple aspects,including continuing to maintain the legal tender nature of Renminbi,imposing a limit on the amount of legal tender of certain currencies,and adding exceptions to allow the exclusio
作者
柯达
Ke Da(Law School,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)
出处
《上海财经大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第6期123-139,共17页
Journal of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics
关键词
法偿货币
法定货币
货币法
货币发行权
法定数字货币
代币票券
legal tender
fiat money
monetary law
the power to issue money
central bank digital currency
substitute tickets or securities
