摘要
明确"商标性使用"的是与非,既是解决新型商标纠纷的实践需求,也牵涉商标法原理的基本构造。基于法定主义的立场,商标侵权构成中的"使用"应当是"商标性使用",即来源识别意义上的商标使用。"商标性使用"是商标侵权构成中与混淆可能性并列的一个独立要件。从理论上而言,"商标性使用"对应于商标财产化的程度,即对来源指示功能所产生的财产利益的保护。商标性使用的判断标准应采用"行为人主体标准",行为人使用行为的定性需要进行主客观的综合考察。行为人的主观意图并非不可知悉,在法律构造上需要进行的是主观判断的客观化努力。行为人主体标准在涉外定牌加工、关键词广告等边界案件中具有很强的适用性。
It is not only the practical need to solve new trademark disputes,but also a fundamental issue of constructing trademark law principles,to clarify the right and wrong of"trademark use". Based on the principle of numerus clausus,the"use"in the composition of trademark infringement should be"trademark use",that is,the use of trademarks in the sense of source identification. "Trademark use"is an independent element in the composition of trademark infringement that is juxtaposed with the likelihood of confusion. Theoretically,"trademark use"corresponds to the optimal degree of trademark-propertilization,that is,to protect property interests resulted from the source distinction function of a trademark. The condition of "trademark use"is conducive to the correct delineation of the protection scope of trademark. Further,the independent status of"trademark use"depends on whether it has an independent criterion. The"trademark use"should be determined from the perspective of the user,rather than consumers. The nature of use should be analyzed by taking into consideration both the objective and subjective elements. The subjective intent of the user can be identified. What is needed in legal construction is to search for an objective method of determining subjective elements. The judgment standard from the perspective of user is quite adaptable in boundary cases,such as original equipment manufacture (OEM) and keyword advertising.
作者
吕炳斌
LüBingbin(Nanjing University Law School)
出处
《法学家》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第2期73-87,193,共16页
The Jurist
关键词
商标侵权
商标性使用
并列的独立要件说
行为人主体标准
边界案件
Trademark Infringement
Trademark Use
The Parallel & Independent Condition Theory
The User Standard
Boundary Cases
