摘要
特朗普执政后,美国政府的对外经济制裁愈加频繁和严厉,这种滥用域外管辖权的行为遭到了世界各国的反对,并促使欧盟对其阻断法进行了更新。世界主要经济体大都存在阻断法,典型的阻断法不但在国家层面阻断他国有域外效果的法律对本国的影响,而且在个体层面也为相关经济主体提供了私权救济机制。欧盟《阻断法案》是当代阻断法的代表,目前适用于反制美国对伊朗和古巴的部分经济制裁。欧盟《阻断法案》包括了阻断法的三项核心制度:阻断美国特定法律在欧盟境内的效力和执行、禁止相关主体遵守美国的特定法律和允许相关主体就美国特定法律给其带来的损失进行索赔。尽管欧盟《阻断法案》在实践中尚存在一些问题,但其毋庸置疑对欧盟和欧洲企业起到了重要的保护作用,是欧盟同美国进行政治谈判的重要筹码,并在很长一段时间内影响了美国对外经济制裁政策的实施。中国是目前世界主要经济体中极少数尚未制定阻断法的国家,由中国在世界政治和经济格局中的地位所决定,阻断法的制定对中国具有特殊重要意义。阻断法是当前中国系统性应对美国对外经济制裁五个层次中最重要一环。中国应当基于外交和政治需要,结合本国法律实践,在立法模式、核心制度、阻断对象、适用程序和处罚方式等方面借鉴吸收欧盟和各国阻断法的经验,尽快完成阻断法立法,为系统性应对美国对外经济制裁对中国的影响提供法律支持。
After the Trump administration took office,aggressive economic sanctions have been implemented by the US government overseas.The abuse of extraterritorial jurisdiction has been opposed by countries around the world and it directly leads to the renewal of the EU Blocking Statute.Currently,nearly all major economies have blocking statutes.Typically,blocking statutes not only block the effect of other countries’extraterritorial laws at the national level but also provide private remedy mechanisms at the individual level.The EU Blocking Statute is typical of contemporary blocking statutes and it currently applies to certain US economic sanctions against Iran and Cuba.The EU Blocking Statute covers all the three core mechanisms of typical blocking statutes:Firstly,it blocks the legal effect and implementation of specific US laws in the EU.Secondly,it prohibits relevant entities from complying with specific US laws.Thirdly,it allows relevant entities to claw back damages caused by specific US laws.Although there are shortcomings to be improved for the EU Blocking Statute,it had been undoubtedly playing an important role in protecting the EU and European entities against specific US laws,providing important bargaining chips for the EU in political negotiations with the US and influencing the implementation of the US economic sanctions for a long time.China is one of the few major economies in the world that do not have blocking statutes.Due to China’s special position in the international political and economic system,the enactment of a blocking statute is of special significance to China.The blocking statute currently makes the most important part of China’s five-level mechanism in coping with US economic sanctions.In the lawmaking process of the blocking statute,China should give full considerations to its diplomatic and political needs as well as its own traditional legal practice and learn from the experience of various countries,especially the EU,in terms of the legislative models,core mechanisms,designation
作者
叶研
YE Yan(China National Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Corporation,Beijing 100871,China;Peking University,Beijing 100034,China)
出处
《太平洋学报》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第3期50-66,共17页
Pacific Journal
关键词
欧盟
阻断法
域外管辖
经济制裁
美国
EU
blocking statute
extraterritorial jurisdiction
economic sanction
US
