摘要
在“上编”对中华古代经典自然观形成过程与核心观点溯源式阐述的基础上,本文重在探讨清末民初社会剧变中经典自然观的转换与丢失问题。当时社会总体上的性质与结构之激变,构成了经典自然观渐被遮蔽的政治因素和经济基础。洋务运动和维新变法先后兴办各式新学堂,引进西方自然科学课程,越来越大规模输入西方经济和文化思想,在教育上开风气,形成了一批不同于传统士的知识分子,但也使学习者与自然和古代学问逐渐疏远,中学成为致用的政治斗争工具等,造成了经典自然观、传统文化之根逐渐淡出。其间,思想家严复译介西学,提出“物竞天择,适者生存”的天道观,在肯定“自然而然”天道变化的前提下,形成了体用统一、中西古今既融通又不同的近代自然观,力求自然与人为、天道与人治相平衡,主张“民智”“民力”“民德”合一的国民教育,废科举兴办系统独立的新式学校,在思想层面产生了深远的社会影响。
Based on the elaboration of formation process and core viewpoints of the classical view of nature in ancient China in"Part 1",this paper focuses on the conversion and loss of the classical view of nature in the social upheaval of the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China.At that time,the drastic change of the nature and structure of the society as a whole constituted the political factor and economic foundation that the classical view of nature was gradually covered.Westernization Movement and Constitutional Reform and Modernization established various new types of schools,introduced western natural science courses.Western economic and cultural thoughts have been massively introduced into China.It created new style of education,and cultivated a number of intellectuals different from traditional Chinese scholar"Shi",while it also made the learners alienate the nature and Chinese traditional culture gradually and made Chinese culture used as tools of political struggles.All of these had caused the classical view of nature,and the root of traditional culture fade out gradually.During this period,Yan Fu,a great thinker,translated a lot of western classics,and put forward the natural way of"natural selection and the survival of the fittest".On the premise of natural change of the nature,he formed the modern view of nature,with the unification of essence and utility,harmony in diversity of the ancient and modern,and China and the west.His view strived to realize the balance of natural and man-made factors,and natural law and human rule.He advocated the combination of"intelligence,physique and morality of common people".Besides,he urged abolishing the imperial examination and establishing new type schools systematically and independently.Yan Fu’s view has a profound social impact at the ideological level.
作者
叶澜
Ye Lan(East China Normal University,Shanghai 200062,China)
关键词
社会剧变
自然观转换
丢失
近代自然观
新式学校
social upheaval
conversion of the view of nature
loss
modern view of nature
new type of school
