摘要
明治维新是幕末民族危亡时期日本社会的权力重组和权威重构。西方列强的侵略威胁,不仅直接诱发了日本社会的尊王攘夷浪潮,也深刻激化了国内政治矛盾,严重冲击了幕藩体制和幕府权威。围绕开国还是攘夷、佐幕还是倒幕等重大问题,幕府、朝廷、地方实力派大名、下级武士等四种势力之间的博弈波诡云谲,最终形成了以尊王倒幕为核心的强藩联合,并通过"王政复古"政变逼迫德川幕府退出历史舞台。明治新政府内部的近代派与守旧派、近代派中渐进派与激进派之间经过长期权力角逐,逐步实现了中央政府的权力重置、中央集权体制的组织构建和社会阶级基础的根本再造,加之法律制度上和精神上的权威形塑,确立了以近代天皇制为载体的绝对权威。明治维新中权威的解构与重构,是在国家权力重构的显在主线和以"顺天应人"为依据的权威这一制约权力重构的潜在主线共同作用下完成的,是通过政治路线上明确治国理政的方针和途径,组织路线上"纯化"寡头政治的构成,最后以立法形式得以实现的。
The Meiji Restoration is the reorganization of power and the reconstruction of authority in the Japanese society during the late Edo period.The threat of aggression by the Western powers directly brought about the Sonnō-jōi movement,profoundly intensified the domestic political contradictions,and severely impacted the Bakufu-daimyo system and the authority of shogunate.The game among the four forces,including the shogunate,the royal court,the daimyo,and lower samurai,started focusing on the issues of whether opening the country or expulsing the foreigners and whether supporting the shogunate or abolishing it.In the end,an anti-shogunate alliance formed among strong feudatories,which led to the downfall of Tokugawa Shogunate in virtue of a coup and the restoration of the imperial rules.After a long-term political struggle among different fractions in the Meiji government,the power of the central government was resettled,the centralized system was organized,and the foundation of the social classes was rebuilt thoroughly.Therefore,the absolute authority of the modern emperor system was established with the help of the shaping of authority figure spiritually and legally.The destruction and reconstruction of the authority in the Meiji Restoration were accomplished by the combination of two main lines.More specially,the explicit main line was the state power reconstruction while the implicit main line was the authority based on‘the adaption to the situation’which restricted the power reconstruction.Eventually,the form of legislation was realized through clarifying the political approaches and‘purifying’the oligarchy.
出处
《世界历史》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第2期1-16,I0002,共17页
World History
基金
教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目"一战后日本的‘转向’与对外战略误判研究"(批准文号:17JJD770010)的阶段性成果
