摘要
五千年来多民族统一国家的成长发展,"历时性"地呈现先秦、魏晋南北朝、晚唐宋辽金元和明中叶到近代四次民族大融汇。基于长城内外农耕、游牧生产方式的世代并存,汉族与各少数民族携手创造了多元一体的中华民族及璀璨文明。元和清王朝的建立,反映了北方民族向中原内聚等历史主动性和汉族、蒙古族、满族轮流为天下主的趋势。蒙古人、满族人较多汉化与汉人不同程度地受蒙古或满族文化影响,相互激荡,构成了元、清两代多民族文化交流的基本风貌及走向。"崖山之战",特别是清朝建立之后,的确已无汉族为首的大一统王朝。但元、清二王朝分别以"内蒙外汉"和"内汉外满"君临天下却方兴未艾。在中国的特定环境下社会经济固然充当主要原动力或主线,同时还应格外重视民族融汇第二条基本线索。5世纪以后的江南,逐渐成为中国经济重心及文化主脉所在,也是引领社会经济发展的新兴动力渊薮。唯有江南,能够充任华夏先进经济文化南渡转移的栖息地和再发展空间。北方民族南下及其所建立的元、清王朝,既带来一些积极向上的东西,也携入不少主从隶属等落后旧俗,后者直接招致诸色户计"配户当差"及"君父"至上的复燃,严重影响社会经济结构和帝制独裁。
Based on the coexistence of farming and nomadic production modes inside and outside the Great Wall for generations,the Han and other ethnic groups have jointly created the Chinese nation with unity in diversity and a splendid civilization which had lasted for over five thousand years. The establishment of Yuan and Qing Dynasties reflected the historical initiative of the northern nationalities to approach the central plains and the tendency of Han and minorities to take turns to rule. After Yashan( 崖山) Battle,especially since the establishment of Qing Dynasty,there has been no unified dynasty ruled by Han people. However,Yuan and Qing Dynasties pursued the mode of"Internal Mongolia and External Han"and "Internal Han and External Manchu"respectively. Though the social economy is the main driving force or the mainline in the specific context of China,great significance should also be attached to national integration as the second basic clue. Jiangnan( 江南) had gradually become Chinese economic center and the main vein of culture since 5 th century,and also the emerging driving force to guide the social and economic development. Along with the northern nationalities going down to the south and the establishment of Yuan and Qing Dynasties,something positive had been brought,meanwhile many backward customs had been brought in,which affected seriously the social and economic structure and the imperial dictatorship.
作者
李治安
LI Zhi-an(School of History,Nankai University,Tianjin,300350,China)
出处
《史学集刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第1期4-15,共12页
Collected Papers of History Studies
关键词
民族融汇
多元一体
轮流为主
华夷涵化
第二条基本线索
national integration
pluralistic integration
ruling in turn
acculturation
the second basic clue
