摘要
忽必烈建立元朝后,诸帝沿袭蒙古前四汗旧俗,在大都郊外柳林春猎"飞放",在上都附近的东、西凉亭及三不剌川秋狝。大规模的合围捕兽主要见于世祖、成宗和英宗朝。负责养鹰的昔宝赤鹰房定籍,始于窝阔台时期。兴和路和察罕脑儿是上都附近御位下昔宝赤的两个聚屯地。管领诸路打捕鹰房总管府、仁虞院和仁虞都总管府等则先后为朝廷统辖昔宝赤的机构。"失宝赤万户"和"昔宝赤右手万户"分别以辽阳行省、黄河中下游的鹰房户作为兵员基础。迄文宗朝,昔宝赤"爱马"(部)及其所属鹰人扩张至14024人,构成庞大的怯薛分支集团。贵赤以脚力便捷与快行为专长,其职司大抵是徒步携犬参与皇帝行猎。昔宝赤和贵赤等的协同执役,又与草原"鹰背狗"俗基本相符。两都附近的春猎秋狝,是元统治者恪守蒙古旧俗和接受汉文化多寡的"寒暑表"。
After Kubilai Khan established the Yuan dynasty,the emperors followed the old custom of the four previous Mongol Khans and held spring feifang(loosing for flight)hunts on the outskirts of Dadu and autumn hunts at the Eastern and Western retreat palaces and Sanbulachuan(Sayin Bulagh)near Shangdu.Large-scale hunts mainly occurred under the emperors Kubilai,Chengzong and Yingzong.The xibaochi eagle-trainer households,which were responsible for rearing the eagles,began to obtain their permanent status in household registration under Ogotai.Xinghelu and Tchagan-nor were two gathering places located near Shangdu for the imperial xibaochi(eagle trainers).The general office managing the eagle households in all the administrative lu and the one for the Renyuyuan and Renyudu were the institutions overseeing the xibaochi.The Shibaochi Wanhu and Shibaochi Youshou Wanhu(literally means respectively“ten-thousand-strong shibaochi households”and“the right-hand ten-thousand-strong xibaochi households”)used the eagle households in Liaoyang Province and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River as the bases of their troops.By the time of Emperor Wenzong,the number of the xibaochi“aima”(eagle troop)had as many as 14,024 eagle trainers under it,forming a large branch under the Kheshig.The guichi moved fast on foot and hunted with hounds in the imperial hunts.Xibaochi and guichi worked together in the same way as customary“eagles backed by hounds”of the grasslands.The spring and autumn hunts near Dadu and Shangdu can serve as a barometer for gauging the Yuan emperors’adherence to Mongolian tradition and their acceptance of Han culture.
出处
《历史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第6期21-39,188,共20页
Historical Research
