摘要
黄河上游地区是古代先民劳动生息的良好场所,也是沟通东、西方的重要通道,其生业方式因人群交流而转化和多元,形成了独特的生业格局。我们对该地区已发表的动物考古学、植物考古学和碳氮稳定同位素研究结果进行重新评估,以较为一致的标准考察各遗址动植物种群构成、各种家养动物和农作物的相对比例、家养和野生动植物的相对比例等3项指标,进而分析各考古学文化的生业方式、家养动物和农作物在该地区的传播和扩散、该地区生业方式的转化以及动因。黄河上游地区最先受到来自于中原地区生业因素的影响,其年代可以追溯到距今8000-7000年前,随着狗、猪、黍、粟在黄河上游地区的出现,引发其生业方式由狩猎-采集方式转化为粟黍旱作农业和以家猪为主的家畜饲养方式;自距今5500年以来,受到来自于西亚和中亚生业因素的影响,家养动物和农作物的传入分为3个阶段:第一阶段,黄牛、绵羊在距今5500-5000年左右传入该地区,这些新的因素暂未引发生业方式的彻底改变;第二阶段,山羊、马、小麦、大麦等在距今4000年左右传入,绵羊的数量超过猪,由此引发生业方式的彻底转化,农牧结合的生业方式形成;第三阶段,马的重要性日渐凸显,加之骆驼在距今3000年左右的传入,这就为黄河上游地区形成游牧方式提供了重要的前提和基础。关于生业转化的动因,我们应当摈弃"环境决定论"的影响,从多个方面进行考察:适宜发展草原畜牧业的自然环境或植被是前提,继承-接纳-吸收新的生业因素是内因,气候变化是外因。
The Upper Region of the Yellow River is the good place for the ancient people to live, and is an important channel between East and West communication, which brought about the subsistence economy transfonuation and diversification, and formed its unique pattern. In this paper, we reassessed the published studies of Zooarichaeology, Archaeobotany and Carbon and Nitrogen stable isotope analysis. We tried to observe the spread of domestic animals and cultivated crops, the transformation of subsistence economy and its motivation by reviewing the fonowing three indicators： the composition of flora and fauna, the respective proportion of all kinds of livestock and crops, and the relative proportion between domestic animals/cultivated crops and the wild animals/plants, Since the subsistence in this area irR]uenced by the Central Plains, the earliest could be traced back to about 8000 to 7000 BP. Along with the exploitation of dog, pig, foxtail millet and broorncom millet appeared in this region, the subsistence economy transfomled from hunting-gathering way to dryland farming and animal husbandry. Then the subsistence economy here was mainly affected by the western Asia and central Asia from 5500 BP. The introduction of domestic animals and crops could be divided into three stages. Firstly, domestic cattle and sheep were introduced around 5500-5000 BP, however, the subsistence economy did not change completely during this time. Secondly, the domestic goat, horse, wheat, barley wheat were introduced around 4000 BP. The number of sheep exceeded that of pig, which means the beginning of the transformation of subsistence method and the combination of farming and grazing subsis-tence had takeu place in this period. Thirdly, around 3000 BP the increasiugly importance of horse and the intro- duction of camel provided important prerequisite and basis for the formation of nomadism in this region. As for the motivation of this transformation, we should get rid of the impact of ＂environmental detemainism＂ anti examine this i
出处
《南方文物》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第2期170-179,共10页
Cultural Relics in Southern China
基金
国家社科基金青年项目(14CKG012)
2018年度中国社会科学院创新工程项目
中国社会科学院"登峰战略"科技考古优势学科资助
关键词
黄河上游地区
生业
动物考古
植物考古
碳氮稳定同位素分析
The Upper Region of the Yellow River
Subsistence
Zooarichaeology
Archaeobotany
Carbon and Nitrogen stable isotope analysis
