摘要
依时行政是古代政治文化中的经典标准,但早期时政理论并不严格,且理论来源是阴阳家基于四时消息的宇宙神秘知识。西汉中晚期,时令知识褪去阴阳家色彩而贴上了儒家经典标签,依时行政理论也日趋严格。在这一转变中,王莽围绕时令的礼仪与职官改革起到了关键作用,包括:首度建成了月令明堂,并在其中加入了礼乐宗法因素;首度施行了迎时礼,并在其中加入了郊祀五帝内容;首度将神话中司掌时令的职官羲和人间化,并赋予其掌教化的职能。王莽上述举措进一步凸显出时令知识的儒家王命属性,也为依时行政理论的整备化与严格实行提供了制度保障。同时,王莽的改革成果并未随着政权的短命而废止,而是树立起可供效仿的"古典国制"并被后世王朝继承。因此,当我们审视中国古代依时行政这一经典政治标准时,王莽发挥的作用及其呈现的普遍意义应当予以充分肯定。
Administrating in accordance with seasons was an important tradition of ancient Chinese culture and politics. The theory of seasonal administration originated from Yin-Yang School＇s esoteric knowledge based on the four seasons,but was not so rigorous at early times. In the middle and late Han dynasty, the seasonal knowledge was stripped of its Yin-Yang color and labeled with Confucian classics. As a result, the theory of seasonal administration became more and more rigorous. Generally speaking, Wang Mang^s reform on seasonal etiquette and official system played a critical role in this transformation. He was the first person who constructed Ming Tang and held the season greeting ceremony （Ying Shi Li）. He personified Xi He, the mythical official in charge of monthly record, and bestowed him teaching functions. The above-mentioned measures of Wang Mang highlighted the Confucian attribute of seasonal knowledge, and offered an institutional guarantee for the perfection and strict execution of the seasonal administration theory. Besides,Wang Mang^s reform on seasonal administration was not rescinded with the collapse of his regime. It was inherited by subsequent dynasties and became an example of classical state system for later generations to follow. Therefore, we should fully recognize Wang Mang＇s reform achievement and its universal relevance to Chinese history when surveying seasonal administration in ancient China.
出处
《史学月刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第9期37-49,共13页
Journal of Historical Science
基金
复旦大学研究生科研资助项目(项目号:IAH6281420/020)
关键词
王莽
月令
时令
明堂
迎时
羲和
古典国制
Wang Mang
monthly records
seasonal records
Ming Tang
season greeting
Xi He
classical state system
