摘要
本文旨在探讨惯常范畴的语义类型和标记方式,聚焦于汉语表达惯常义的特点。我们首先分出惯常义的四种类型,然后简析汉语方言的几个惯常标记(南方方言的助动词"要、会、有"、句末助词"的"及北方方言的句末助词"呢、着"),以此为基础探讨了惯常义的标记度及汉语惯常标记的类型,并构建了惯常范畴的语义地图,从而整理出时体态三大范畴的交接状况。这种惯常标记的跨方言比较不仅推进了对特定语法词的认识,亦窥见到南北汉语在语序结构及时体态范畴上的类型差异。本研究仅是该课题的初步探索,有待更多方言/语言来验证和改进。
This paper investigates the habitual-generic category based on the data from a variety of Chinese dialects. First, it outlines a semantic classification of habitual-generic meanings, which contains the following notions： 1. High Frequency： He often goes swimming, 2. Circumstantial Necessity： The river in the north will freeze in winter. 3. Habitual Nature： The Japanese eat raw fish. 4. Stative Property： John is smart. These habitual-generic notions differ in dynamicity, and can form a dynamicity hierarchy＂ circumstantial necessity ≥ high frequency 〉 habitual nature 〉 stative property. In this hierarchy, the notion on the left can accommodate more types of telic predicate than those on the right. Second, this study presents a comprehensive description on the habitual-generic markers of Chinese dialects. Six types of habitual-generic markers have been identified in Chinese according to their related functions, which are listed below： l. The irrealis zero-form： almost each dialect can use zero grammatical marker in certain habitual-genetic expressions, as it does in irrealis expressions. 2. The future marker： Southern Chinese often uses future modals, like yao （要） ＇ want, will＇, to express habitual-generic meanings. 3. The ability marker： Wu, Min and Yue dialects use ability modals, like hui （会） ＇ can＇, to express habitual-generic meanings. 4. The realis-existential modal： Min and Yue dialects use the realis-existential modal you （有） ＇ have＇ to express a variety of habitual-generic meanings. 5. The realis-focusing marker： Wu and Yue dialects often require the presence of the realis-focnsing marker de （的） （which is also the nominalization marker） in habitualgeneric expressions. 6. The durative marker： a variety of dialects employ the durative marker in habitualgeneric expressions. Third, the differences of habitual-generic markers between Southern Chinese and Northern Chinese are identified and accounted for. It is found that Southern
作者
范晓蕾
FAN Xiaolei(Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871)
出处
《当代语言学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2017年第4期561-590,共30页
Contemporary Linguistics
基金
北京市社会科学基金项目"语义地图及语言接触视角下的汉语时体态研究"(编号16YYC026)
国家社会科学基金重大项目"功能-类型学取向的汉语语义演变研究"(编号14ZDB098)
香港研究资助局优配研究计划"The Postverbal Constraint across Chinese Dialects"(编号641913)
北京大学中文系自主科研项目"北方方言的时体范畴研究"(编号2015ZZKY04)的资助
关键词
惯常
语义地图
汉语方言
助动词
句末助词
habitual-generics, tense, aspect, modality, semantic map, Chinese dialects, auxiliary verb, sentence-final particle
