摘要
考察为中国千年政制传统奠定制度根基的西周王制,无法回避最为核心的宗统与君统的关系。对于这个问题,有"君宗合一"说与"君宗隔断"说两种完全不同的回答。在严格的意义上,君统的主体是诸侯,而宗统的主体是大夫士,君统与宗统分别针对"国"(政治)与"家"(宗法)的构造。君宗合一说极大地混淆了宗法与政治的分别,不可避免地走向以宗法取代政治的后果。但君统与宗统之间的隔断,只是说二者各有其原则,各有其领域,而不是说二者之间彼此没有关系。"继所自出"是宗法中极为重要但在20世纪的宗法研究中却始终被忽视的概念,正是这一概念建立了宗统与君统的关联:无论一个宗法上的系统如何"本支百世",但通过"祭所自出"而追溯其来源,最终根植于君统:卿大夫大宗起源于公子之"别子为祖",而别子其所自出则为先君;同样,诸侯始封君作为"大宗"之祖,其所自出则为君统中的先王。宗统得以作为君统的扩展与延续,得以作为君统的分支而被建构。君、王所在系统之尊,与宗法所在系统之卑,始终是一体两面。由此,尊君或尊王,必然是内在于宗法体系的隐秘指向。如此,"继所自出"所彰显的正是宗法深处隐藏着的政治意识。
In examining the West Zhou monarch system which laid a foundation of political system for China＇s political tradition in two thousand years, the most kernel question of the relationship between clan lineage and monarch lineage is unavoidable. There are two answers to this question, i.e., the view of ＂combination of monarch and clan＂ and the view of ＂separation of monarch and clan＂. Strictly speaking, the subject of monarch lineage is the princes, while the subject of clan lineage is senior officials, they respectively refers to the structure of ＂kingdom＂ （politics） and ＂family＂ （patriarchal clan）. The saying ＂monarch and clan as one＂ greatly confuses patriarchal clan and politics, and it inevitably results in substituting politics with patriarchal clan. But the view of separation points out that the two have their own principle and realm, instead of non-relationship between the two. The conception ＂succeed by own origin＂ is a very important one, but it is neglected in the 20th century studies of clan lineage. This conception has established the relationship between clan lineage and monarch lineage. No matter how many clan branches existed, they are originated from monarch lineage. Clan lineage is an extension and continuation of monarch lineage, and constructed as the divisions of monarch lineage. The two lineages are two sides of a coin. In this way, obeying to monarch is inevitably points to clan system. ＂Succeed by own origin＂ reveals exactly a political consciousness hidden in clan system.
出处
《学术月刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2017年第9期39-50,共12页
Academic Monthly
基金
教育部人文社科基地重大项目(16JJD720006)
江苏省公民道德与社会风尚协同创新中心与道德发展智库
上海市教育委员会科研创新计划重大项目的阶段性成果
关键词
宗统
君统
继所自出
clan lineage, monarch lineage, succeed by own origin
