摘要
南北朝正史关于拓跋种姓的表述截然不同:有匈奴、鲜卑两说。"匈奴说"认定,拓跋是匈奴女"托跋"与汉朝降将李陵的后代。代国被前秦攻灭后,苻坚安排独孤、铁弗、贺兰诸部分治其故地,"匈奴说"可能是匈奴系人群主导代北的产物。匈奴族裔对道武帝建国又发挥了重要的作用,"匈奴说"也得以在拓跋内部与"鲜卑说"长期并行。崔浩监修国史,为迎合匈奴系皇后及太武帝本人而重拾"匈奴说"。此说虽因北魏朝臣普遍反对未能写入《国记》,却传至南朝而为《宋书》所采用。中古时期北族种姓的变化,多以政治上的推动为主,并涉及血缘、地域、社会等复杂层面,拓跋种姓"匈奴说"的形成与流传,或许是一则典型的事例。
The origin of the Xianbei-Tuoba people is described differently in the official histories of the Northern and Southern dynasties:the former holds that the Tuoba refers to the Xiongnu,while the latter regards them as originating from the Xianbei.The former argument states that the Tuoba derive from the offspring of a Xiongnu woman called'Tuoba'and Li Ling,a military officer of the Han dynasty who surrendered to the Xiongnu,an explanation that may be the result of the Xiongnu's having gained control over the northern part of Dai state when Fu Jian asked the Gudu,Tiefu and Helian tribes to govern the area separately after Dai's former ruler Shi Yijian was defeated by the Former Qin dynasty.Furthermore,the Xiongnu played an important role in Emperor Daowu's founding of the state,so that the'Xiongnu legend'remained in parallel with the'Xianbei story'for a long time within the Tuoba.When Cui Hao was put in charge of compiling the dynastic history,he reclaimed the 'Xiongnu legend'in order to cater to the Xiongnu Queen Helian and Emperor Taiwu.Although not included in The Record of the Kingdom(Guo Ji)due to the objection of the top officials of the Northern Wei dynasty,the'Xiongnu legend'spread to the Southern dynasty and was incorporated into the Song Annals(Song Shu).The change of names of the Northern tribes in middle antiquity was primarily driven by politics,complicated by multiple factors such as kinship,territory,and society.The way the 'Xiongnu legend'was formed and circulated may be a case in point.
出处
《历史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2016年第2期75-89,191-192,共15页
Historical Research
