摘要
先秦汉语中,虚词"实"的最主要用法是作指示代词,强调它前面出现的主语,而不是普遍认为的副词用法。这种用法的"实"用的是假借字,跟"果实"的"实"没有任何渊源关系,而与指示代词"是"有同源关系。"维/惟/唯"的用法,一部分是作强调主语和宾语的指示代词,一部分是由这种代词演变而成的系词、副词和连词,表示"乃是"之义。"伊""繄"也作代词、系词、副词。"维""伊"又具有连词的用法。"维"、"伊"、"繄"的古音也有很近的关系,并且都与"是"、"寔"、"实"有语法功用上的相类。它们应该有语源上的关系,其演变是上古汉语方言分化的结果。虚词位置、功能的变化引起词性变化,指示代词发展出系词、副词和连词的作用,同时也相应派生出新词,新旧同源虚词在积淀历史词汇的历史文献中,其发展源流有脉络可寻。在考察了上述虚词演变的时代层次后,将词序变化、功能演变与新词性产生结合起来,可以探讨虚词演变的一些原理和规律,及新的语言体系中新旧句式叠构出重复性表义句式的原理。在同样的位置情况下,判定其词性的一个重要标准是它的指向是其前还是其后。
In Pre-Qin times,the main usage of the function word shi（实）is not as what is usually understood as an adverb to modify apredicate behind it,but a demonstrative pronoun to underline a subject in front of it.This use of实is in fact a loan one,which has nothing to do with the same morphemic item in 果实（fruit）,but is the cognate of the demonstrative pronoun shi（是）.Simultaneously,wei（维/惟/唯）,yi（伊）and yi（繄）also function as demonstratives to underline the subjects or objects behind them,as copula to mean＂be＂,as adverb to mean＂thus＂and as conjunction,while they are closely related to their ancient sounds.Their syntax behaviours are very similar to that of shi（是）,shi（寔）and shi（实）.Therefore,all of them are cognates,and their difference is dialectical in nature.Their changes of positions and grammatical behaviours result in their lexical changes.So demonstrative pronouns developed into the roles of copula,adverbial and conjunctive in new words.These new and old cognates accumulate in ancient literature with their traceable development clues.This paper investigates the evolution traces of these words,and the principles and laws of their evolutions.It also reveals the principles to produce new repetitive sentences for meanings in new and old structures.Finally,it points out that it is a standard to judge the grammatical function of a word to see whether its orientation points towards before or after it.
出处
《北京师范大学学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2016年第2期57-67,共11页
Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences)
基金
教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目"汉语词源理论及上古汉语同源词库"(11JJD740009)
关键词
指示代词
实
维
伊
繄
虚词词源
词性演变
demonstrative pronoun
shi（实）
wei（维）
yi（伊）
yi（繄）
etymology of function word
evolution of grammatical function
