摘要
作为宋元变革论系列实证研究的组成部分,本文具体提出杨万里这件个案,通过解读其书信,考察了包括退任者在内,高官显宦在选人改官过程中的种种活动。维持家声与利益相牵,让杨万里这样清廉的官僚都使用了"内举不避亲"的借口,为子嗣亲朋的仕途升迁挖空心思地求荐。这些活动,显示了理想的制度设计在实际操作中发生极大的变异。由此一隅,可以观察到中层以上官僚荣耀背后的辛酸,以及选人这些大量的下层官僚奔竞于仕途的艰难。这种状况使我们看到,宋朝的政治家们在制度设计上苦心积虑,在最大程度上保证了科举的公平,为普通平民百姓敞开了一扇通向仕途之门,但却在下一道程序中,事实上恢复了一定程度的士族政治。异常严酷的仕途现实,导致多数士人绝望而却步,逐渐形成士人流向的多元化。透过这件个案,我们可以窥见到促成宋元社会转型的多种因果关系之一项。
As one of the series of empirical studies on the transformation of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, this article raises the example of Yang Wanli. His books and letters recorded various activities of senior officials in office and also retired senior officials concerning the promotion of low-rank officials to central government officials. As maintaining his family fame was involved with his interest, even a high official like Yang Wanli who was free from corruption tried every means to ask other high officials to recommend his relatives to get promotion under the excuse of ＂ recommending a person as a high official without avoiding one＇ s own relative＂. These activities showed that an ideal system designing changed considerably in its actual operation. From this, we can see the bitterness of the middle-rank and high-rank officials behind their glory, and the difficulties the low-rank officials met with when they sought for their promotion. From this, we can see the pains the statesmen of the Song Dynasty took in their system designing, which guaranteed the fairness of the imperial examination to the largest degree, and opened a door to officialdom for ordinary people. In fact, it restored the scholar-official politics to some extent, while taking its next step. However, the cruel reality in official promotion put most scholar-officials in despair and forced them to give up, gradually forming the diversified flow of scholar-officials. From this example, we can get a glimpse of one of the cause-effect relationships in social transformation during the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
出处
《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2012年第2期117-128,共12页
Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
关键词
宋元变革
南宋社会
杨万里
选人改官
显宦斡旋
transformation in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, society of the Southern Song Dynasty, YangWanli, promotion of low-rank officials to central government officials, recommendation by senior officials
