摘要
中国古代完全意义上的城市是经过城堡—都邑—城市的演化脉络逐步发展起来的。唐中宗景龙元年敕令"诸非州县之所不得置市",一向被论者当做市场官设的关键论据,但史文未见唐代政府取缔"非法"市场的记载,各地作为基层市场的草市也多有发展,佐以其他论据,似可说明这一敕条的主要用意在于控制官吏的数量,而非市场本身。此外如分行列市、市场定时启闭、时估、不得更造偏铺等关于市场监管的种种制度条文,或源自历史因革,或出于论者误读,并非一定说明唐代政府控制城市市场的用意。唐代城市市场制度的某些内容虽然不如后代"自由",但从历史承袭的视角看,其实反映着中国古代城市市场制度不断演进的轨迹,是符合当时商品经济发展水平实际要求的。从唐代到宋代城市市场的演变,其间制度的裂变也许不如前人想象的那么剧烈,而前后因袭的痕迹则无疑要明晰得多。
The city in the full sense in ancient China evolved through the stages of castle>town>city.The imperial edict issued in the year 707 that 'markets are forbidden below the prefectural and county level' has been considered critical proof for the argument that markets were then established by governments.Nevertheless,no historical records relating to the official outlawing of 'illegitimate markets' in the Tang dynasty have been found.A good many unofficial grassroots markets developed in this period.Along with other evidence,it seems that the main intention of the imperial edict was to control the number of officials rather than the number of markets.The various rules regulating markets,such as fixed trading places for different commodities,fixed opening and closing time,regular price reports and prohibition of shop extensions,were either inherited from history or misinterpreted by researchers,and do not necessarily prove that Tang governments intended to restrict urban markets.Some elements in the Tang market system were not as 'free' as later markets.From the point of view of historical continuity,however,they reflected the evolution of the urban market system in ancient China and satisfied the actual requirements of the development of the commodity economy at the time.The evolution of markets from the Tang to the Song dynasty contains an institutional break that may be less dramatic than previously thought;there are undoubtedly clear traces of continuity.
出处
《中国社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2011年第4期179-189,223-224,共11页
Social Sciences in China
