摘要
由Verschueren倡导的语言顺应理论提出语用学研究应该致力于探讨语言的运行机制,即考察交际者在特定语境里如何通过顺应性语言选择来满足其交际需求、实现其交际目的。因此,解读话语的意义就需要对话语背后的语言顺应作出完全、充分的解释。就言语交际中的话语理解而言,全释有两个方面的要求:一是在相关语境中对话语所有层次上的语言顺应特征做出合理解释,二是在相关语境中析出这些语言顺应特征所表达的全部语用意义。前者是后者的必要前提,后者是前者的自然结果。笔者认为,语用解释要实现全释至少必须基于以下假定:存在原型言语行为方式,存在无标记行为方式,存在理想交际者,存在共享语境。本文认为,语用学研究的一个根本目标是对各种语用现象做出完全、充分的理论解释,完备的话语理解理论应该具有描写上的充分性和解释上的充分性,建立在这两种充分性基础之上的全释条件是衡量语用理论成熟与否的基本依据。在过去的若干年中,产生了一些有关话语理解的理论,然而,参照全释条件,它们仍然存在这样或那样的弊端。相比之下,对于言语交际这一涉及社会、认知、心理、情感等各种因素的活动而言,全方位、动态考察语用现象、具有较强操作性的语言顺应理论最有希望提供满足全释条件的语用解释。
The theory of linguistic adaptation, which Jef Verschueren initiated in 1987 and developed in 1999, claims that pragmatic studies should be directed to the exploration into the functioning mechanism of language, i.e. how communicators make adaptive linguistic choices in order to satisfy their communicative needs or achieve their communicative ends. In this light, to interpret the meaning of utterances requires a full and sufficient account of every linguistic adaptation involved. With regard to the understanding of utterances in verbal communication, the full interpretation requirement is of two facets: one concerning the necessity of a plausible explanation for the linguistic adaptations at all levels of utterances in the given context and the other concerning the interpretation of all the pragmatic meanings of those linguistic adaptations in that context. The former is a prerequisite for the latter whereas the latter is a natural result of the former. The author of the present paper maintains that the fulfillment of the full interpretation requirement is to be based at least on the following presumptions: the existence of prototypical acts; the existence of unmarked acts; the existence of ideal communicators; the existence of shared contexts. It is also argued in this paper that among others, one fundamental aim for pragmatic studies is to provide full and sufficient theoretical accounts for all kinds of pragmatic phenomena and that an adequate theory of utterance comprehension needs to possess descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy. The full interpretation requirement which is based on these grounds is assumed to be a basic touchstone for the maturity of pragmatic theories. In the past dozens of years, there have appeared a few theories investigating the issue of utterance comprehension. Yet, with reference to the full interpretation requirement developed here, we inevitably find them fraught with varied defects. By comparison, Verschueren抯 theory of linguistic adaptation, which attempts a panoramic
出处
《现代外语》
CSSCI
北大核心
2001年第4期378-389,共12页
Modern Foreign Languages
关键词
语用解释
语言顺应理论
语用学
语境
言语交际
pragmatic account, full interpretation requirement, utterance comprehension, linguistic adaptation, pragmatic meaning
