Cryptochromes （CRYs） are blue and UV light photoreceptors, known to play key roles in circadian rhythms and in the light-dependent magnetosensitivity of insects. Two novel cryptochrome genes were cloned from the bro...Cryptochromes （CRYs） are blue and UV light photoreceptors, known to play key roles in circadian rhythms and in the light-dependent magnetosensitivity of insects. Two novel cryptochrome genes were cloned from the brown planthopper, and were given the designations of Nlcryl and Nlcry2, with the accession numbers KM108578 and KM108579 in GenBank. The complementary DNA sequences ofNlcryl andNlcry2 are 1935 bp and 2463 bp in length, and they contain an open reading frame of 1629 bp and 1872 bp, encoding amino acids of 542 and 623, with a predicted molecular weight of 62.53 kDa and 70.60 kDa, respectively. Well-conserved motifs such as DNA-photolyase and FAD-binding-7 domains were observed in Nlcry1 and Nlcry2. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the proteins of Nlcry1 and Nlcry2 to be clustered into the insect＇s cryptochrome 1 and cryptochrome 2, respectively. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that the daily oscillations of messenger RNA （mRNA） expression in the head of the brown planthopper were mild for Nlcryl, and modest for Nlcry2. Throughout all developmental stages, Nlcryl and Nlcry2 exhibited extreme fluctuations and distinctive expression profiles. Cryptochrome mRNA expression peaked immediately after adult emergence and then decreased subsequently. The tissue expression profiles of newly emerged brown planthopper adults showed higher expression levels of CRYs in the head than in the thorax or abdomen, as well as significantly higher levels of CRYs in the heads of the macropterous strain than in the heads of the brachypterous strain. Taken together, the results of our study suggest that the two cryptochrome genes characterized in the brown planthopper might be associated with developmental physiology and migration.展开更多
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a wing-dimorphic species, which causes globally important agricultural losses. In this present study, we compared the biochemical basis of wing polymorphism in A. gossypii w...The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a wing-dimorphic species, which causes globally important agricultural losses. In this present study, we compared the biochemical basis of wing polymorphism in A. gossypii with respect to trade-off of energy resources, including glycogen, trehalose, lipids （total lipid, triglyceride and phospholipid）, free fatty acids, and soluble protein between dispersal and reproduction morphs during the wing-bud nymph and adulthood. Total lipid, triglyceride and free fatty acids were significantly higher in winged versus wingless morphs at 12 h of adulthood, the period during which alates are able to fly. By contrast, the wingless morph contained more glycogen than the winged morph from the 4th nymphal stage to adulthood. Trehalose content in the wingless morph was also higher than that in the winged morph during the 3rd and 4th nymphal stages, but vice versa at 12 h of adulthood. Finally, soluble protein content increased from nymphs to adults and was higher during adulthood in aptera versus alate. Whole-body water content in 12-h adults was significantly higher in apterae than that in alatae. These results indicate significant physiological differences between morphs related to specialization for flight.展开更多
基金We thank the staff in the Beijing READ BIO Bioinformatic Technology Company for their assistance in the phylogenetic inference and bioinformatic analysis of brown planthopper CRY proteins. This research was supported by the Key Program of National Natural Science of China （51037006）, the National Basic Research Program of China ＂973＂ （2010CB126200） and the National Nature Science Foundations of China （31170362, 31272051, 31470454 and 31070755）.
文摘Cryptochromes （CRYs） are blue and UV light photoreceptors, known to play key roles in circadian rhythms and in the light-dependent magnetosensitivity of insects. Two novel cryptochrome genes were cloned from the brown planthopper, and were given the designations of Nlcryl and Nlcry2, with the accession numbers KM108578 and KM108579 in GenBank. The complementary DNA sequences ofNlcryl andNlcry2 are 1935 bp and 2463 bp in length, and they contain an open reading frame of 1629 bp and 1872 bp, encoding amino acids of 542 and 623, with a predicted molecular weight of 62.53 kDa and 70.60 kDa, respectively. Well-conserved motifs such as DNA-photolyase and FAD-binding-7 domains were observed in Nlcry1 and Nlcry2. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the proteins of Nlcry1 and Nlcry2 to be clustered into the insect＇s cryptochrome 1 and cryptochrome 2, respectively. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that the daily oscillations of messenger RNA （mRNA） expression in the head of the brown planthopper were mild for Nlcryl, and modest for Nlcry2. Throughout all developmental stages, Nlcryl and Nlcry2 exhibited extreme fluctuations and distinctive expression profiles. Cryptochrome mRNA expression peaked immediately after adult emergence and then decreased subsequently. The tissue expression profiles of newly emerged brown planthopper adults showed higher expression levels of CRYs in the head than in the thorax or abdomen, as well as significantly higher levels of CRYs in the heads of the macropterous strain than in the heads of the brachypterous strain. Taken together, the results of our study suggest that the two cryptochrome genes characterized in the brown planthopper might be associated with developmental physiology and migration.
基金Acknowledgments This research was supported by ＇973＇ projects （2006CB 100204） and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （grant no. 30771414）. The authors thank Professor Anthony J. Zera （Department of Biology, University of Nebraska, USA） and Professor Reddy Palli （Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, USA） for revision of this manuscript.
文摘The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a wing-dimorphic species, which causes globally important agricultural losses. In this present study, we compared the biochemical basis of wing polymorphism in A. gossypii with respect to trade-off of energy resources, including glycogen, trehalose, lipids （total lipid, triglyceride and phospholipid）, free fatty acids, and soluble protein between dispersal and reproduction morphs during the wing-bud nymph and adulthood. Total lipid, triglyceride and free fatty acids were significantly higher in winged versus wingless morphs at 12 h of adulthood, the period during which alates are able to fly. By contrast, the wingless morph contained more glycogen than the winged morph from the 4th nymphal stage to adulthood. Trehalose content in the wingless morph was also higher than that in the winged morph during the 3rd and 4th nymphal stages, but vice versa at 12 h of adulthood. Finally, soluble protein content increased from nymphs to adults and was higher during adulthood in aptera versus alate. Whole-body water content in 12-h adults was significantly higher in apterae than that in alatae. These results indicate significant physiological differences between morphs related to specialization for flight.
