Three-dimensional tracks provide unique insights into the locomotor mechanics of their track makers. An isolated, large hadrosauriform print attributable to Caririchnium lotus from the ＂mid＂-Cretaceous Lotus track s...Three-dimensional tracks provide unique insights into the locomotor mechanics of their track makers. An isolated, large hadrosauriform print attributable to Caririchnium lotus from the ＂mid＂-Cretaceous Lotus track site （Jiaguan Formation） in China permits reconstruction of the footfall, weight-bearing, and kick-off phases of the step cycle. Large-scale modifications of the pes during the step cycle indicate C. lotus trackmakers were capable of locomotory modifications in response to substrate consistency beyond the ＂expected＂ shift between bipedal and quadrupedal postures. An unusual curvature to the trace of one of the outer digits indicates substantial transverse mobility. The remaining digits demonstrate lesser degrees of transverse movement accompanied by extension of the digits during footfall. The absence of overprinted scale-scratch marks and toe drags are consistent with a vertical kick-off of the pes and concomitant flexion of the digits. This track suggests that pedal mobility in C. lotus track makers was greater than previously suspected and has implications for reconstructions of hadrosauriform locomotion.展开更多
The splitting of carbon dioxide through the two-step solar thermochemical cycle presents enormous potential,for it holds the dual functionalities of solar fuel production and carbon-based energy recovery.However,the i...The splitting of carbon dioxide through the two-step solar thermochemical cycle presents enormous potential,for it holds the dual functionalities of solar fuel production and carbon-based energy recovery.However,the industrialization of this technology is impeded by two critical factors:The absence of fully developed oxygen carriers and advanced reaction devices that deliver exceptional performance.In order to identify a potentially effective oxygen carrier,50 wt%NiO-modified Co Fe_(2)O_(4)is selected as the active component and characterized by means of thermogravimetry,scanning electron microscopy,and energy dispersive spectroscopy,so as to clarify its oxygen exchange capacity,micromorphology and elemental composition in high-temperature thermochemical cycles.Further,nanoparticle-coated foam-structured materials are prepared in combination with Si C ceramic foam for experimental testing in a high-flux solar reactor.The results indicate that a peak CO yield of 1.96 m L min^(-1)g^(-1)can be gained in a 1500–1250 K preliminary test,demonstrating the application potential of the material.In contrast to conventional redox materials,the CO_(2)activity of the materials synthesized in this study exhibits an enhancement with rising oxidation temperature.It means that isothermal cycles can potentially achieve higher conversion and fuel yield than non-isothermal cycles,while simultaneously reducing the amount of irreversible heat loss during high-temperature cycling.Although the estimated steadystate thermal efficiency of the solar reactor can reach up to 42%,further optimization of the reactor design is necessary to enhance energy conversion efficiency,as it is partially limited by the dimensions of the reaction chamber.展开更多
In this work,step-cycle tensile behavior of two bimodal polyethylene(PE)materials,a PEI 00 grade pipe material,XS10,and a PEI 00-RC(Resistant Crack)grade pipe material,XSC50,was comparatively investigated.By decomposi...In this work,step-cycle tensile behavior of two bimodal polyethylene(PE)materials,a PEI 00 grade pipe material,XS10,and a PEI 00-RC(Resistant Crack)grade pipe material,XSC50,was comparatively investigated.By decomposing the strain into a recoverable part and an unrecoverable part,it was found that the deformation recovery capability of XSC50 during stretching was larger than that of XS10.Structural evolution characterized by in situ synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering indicated that the fragmentation of initial crystals in XSC50 occurred at lower strain than in XS10.Considering that XSC50 had relatively small lamellar thickness and similar crystallinity to XS10,we speculated that the larger deformation recovery capability of XSC50 during stretching probably derived from stronger entangled amorphous region caused by larger density of tie molecules and entanglements,which were usually regarded to have a significant influence on the slow crack growth(SCG)resistance of PE materials.As expected,the experimental result of strain hardening modulus test suggested that the deformation recovery capability during stretching was positively correlated with the SCG resistance for XS10 and XSC50 used in this work.The step-cycle tensile test had the potential to be developed into a supplement for comparison of SCG resistance of PE materials.展开更多
Two-step steam reforming of methane (SRM) is a novel chemical looping process towards the production of pure hydrogen and syngas (synthesis gas), consisting of a syngas production step and a water-splitting step. Rene...Two-step steam reforming of methane (SRM) is a novel chemical looping process towards the production of pure hydrogen and syngas (synthesis gas), consisting of a syngas production step and a water-splitting step. Renewable energy can be used to drive this process for hydrogen production, especially solar energy. CeO2-Fe2O3 complex oxide oxygen carrier was prepared by the impregnation method and characterized by means of X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (Raman) and hydrogen programmed reduction (H2-TPR). CH4 temperature programmed and isothermal reactions were adopted to test syngas production reactivity, and water splitting reaction was employed to investigate water-splitting activity. Moreover, two-step SRM performance was evaluated by a successive redox cycle. The results showed that CO-uncontaminated H2 and highly selective syngas (with H2/CO ratio close to 2) could be respectively obtained from two steps, and CeFeO3 formation was found in the first redox cycle and proved to be enhanced by the redox treatment. After 10 successive cycles, obvious CeFeO3 phase was detected, which may be responsible for favorable successive redox cycle performances.展开更多
针对扰动观察法在最大功率点(maximum power point,MPP)附近存在振荡、跟踪步长与跟踪精度无法兼顾等问题,提出一种基于β参数的最大功率点跟踪算法,通过分析β-U曲线,在跟踪过程中分别采用变步长占空比扰动法和模糊控制法,进而提高系...针对扰动观察法在最大功率点(maximum power point,MPP)附近存在振荡、跟踪步长与跟踪精度无法兼顾等问题,提出一种基于β参数的最大功率点跟踪算法,通过分析β-U曲线,在跟踪过程中分别采用变步长占空比扰动法和模糊控制法,进而提高系统跟踪速度和稳态精度。为了验证该方法的有效性,在Matlab平台对光伏系统最大功率点跟踪的稳态和动态性能进行仿真,并用"可编程直流电源"来近似模拟光伏系统进行实验研究,仿真和实验结果表明所提出的方法具有较高的稳定性能和良好的动态性能,能有效提高系统跟踪速度和控制精度,实现最大功率点跟踪。展开更多
基金supported by the Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates,Chinese Academy Of Sciences (No. 2011LESV008)Qijiang County Bureau of Land and Resources,Chongqing,China
文摘Three-dimensional tracks provide unique insights into the locomotor mechanics of their track makers. An isolated, large hadrosauriform print attributable to Caririchnium lotus from the ＂mid＂-Cretaceous Lotus track site （Jiaguan Formation） in China permits reconstruction of the footfall, weight-bearing, and kick-off phases of the step cycle. Large-scale modifications of the pes during the step cycle indicate C. lotus trackmakers were capable of locomotory modifications in response to substrate consistency beyond the ＂expected＂ shift between bipedal and quadrupedal postures. An unusual curvature to the trace of one of the outer digits indicates substantial transverse mobility. The remaining digits demonstrate lesser degrees of transverse movement accompanied by extension of the digits during footfall. The absence of overprinted scale-scratch marks and toe drags are consistent with a vertical kick-off of the pes and concomitant flexion of the digits. This track suggests that pedal mobility in C. lotus track makers was greater than previously suspected and has implications for reconstructions of hadrosauriform locomotion.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0702300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52106085)the Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund(Grant No.LBH-Z22120)。
文摘The splitting of carbon dioxide through the two-step solar thermochemical cycle presents enormous potential,for it holds the dual functionalities of solar fuel production and carbon-based energy recovery.However,the industrialization of this technology is impeded by two critical factors:The absence of fully developed oxygen carriers and advanced reaction devices that deliver exceptional performance.In order to identify a potentially effective oxygen carrier,50 wt%NiO-modified Co Fe_(2)O_(4)is selected as the active component and characterized by means of thermogravimetry,scanning electron microscopy,and energy dispersive spectroscopy,so as to clarify its oxygen exchange capacity,micromorphology and elemental composition in high-temperature thermochemical cycles.Further,nanoparticle-coated foam-structured materials are prepared in combination with Si C ceramic foam for experimental testing in a high-flux solar reactor.The results indicate that a peak CO yield of 1.96 m L min^(-1)g^(-1)can be gained in a 1500–1250 K preliminary test,demonstrating the application potential of the material.In contrast to conventional redox materials,the CO_(2)activity of the materials synthesized in this study exhibits an enhancement with rising oxidation temperature.It means that isothermal cycles can potentially achieve higher conversion and fuel yield than non-isothermal cycles,while simultaneously reducing the amount of irreversible heat loss during high-temperature cycling.Although the estimated steadystate thermal efficiency of the solar reactor can reach up to 42%,further optimization of the reactor design is necessary to enhance energy conversion efficiency,as it is partially limited by the dimensions of the reaction chamber.
基金the National Natural Science Fqundation of China(Nos.51773040 and 21574029)PetroChina Company Limited,China.
文摘In this work,step-cycle tensile behavior of two bimodal polyethylene(PE)materials,a PEI 00 grade pipe material,XS10,and a PEI 00-RC(Resistant Crack)grade pipe material,XSC50,was comparatively investigated.By decomposing the strain into a recoverable part and an unrecoverable part,it was found that the deformation recovery capability of XSC50 during stretching was larger than that of XS10.Structural evolution characterized by in situ synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering indicated that the fragmentation of initial crystals in XSC50 occurred at lower strain than in XS10.Considering that XSC50 had relatively small lamellar thickness and similar crystallinity to XS10,we speculated that the larger deformation recovery capability of XSC50 during stretching probably derived from stronger entangled amorphous region caused by larger density of tie molecules and entanglements,which were usually regarded to have a significant influence on the slow crack growth(SCG)resistance of PE materials.As expected,the experimental result of strain hardening modulus test suggested that the deformation recovery capability during stretching was positively correlated with the SCG resistance for XS10 and XSC50 used in this work.The step-cycle tensile test had the potential to be developed into a supplement for comparison of SCG resistance of PE materials.
基金Project support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50574046, 50774038)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Prov-ince (2008E030M)+1 种基金the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20095314120005)2010 Innovation Fund of Kunming University of Science and Technology
文摘Two-step steam reforming of methane (SRM) is a novel chemical looping process towards the production of pure hydrogen and syngas (synthesis gas), consisting of a syngas production step and a water-splitting step. Renewable energy can be used to drive this process for hydrogen production, especially solar energy. CeO2-Fe2O3 complex oxide oxygen carrier was prepared by the impregnation method and characterized by means of X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (Raman) and hydrogen programmed reduction (H2-TPR). CH4 temperature programmed and isothermal reactions were adopted to test syngas production reactivity, and water splitting reaction was employed to investigate water-splitting activity. Moreover, two-step SRM performance was evaluated by a successive redox cycle. The results showed that CO-uncontaminated H2 and highly selective syngas (with H2/CO ratio close to 2) could be respectively obtained from two steps, and CeFeO3 formation was found in the first redox cycle and proved to be enhanced by the redox treatment. After 10 successive cycles, obvious CeFeO3 phase was detected, which may be responsible for favorable successive redox cycle performances.
文摘针对扰动观察法在最大功率点(maximum power point,MPP)附近存在振荡、跟踪步长与跟踪精度无法兼顾等问题,提出一种基于β参数的最大功率点跟踪算法,通过分析β-U曲线,在跟踪过程中分别采用变步长占空比扰动法和模糊控制法,进而提高系统跟踪速度和稳态精度。为了验证该方法的有效性,在Matlab平台对光伏系统最大功率点跟踪的稳态和动态性能进行仿真,并用"可编程直流电源"来近似模拟光伏系统进行实验研究,仿真和实验结果表明所提出的方法具有较高的稳定性能和良好的动态性能,能有效提高系统跟踪速度和控制精度,实现最大功率点跟踪。
