In the propagation of an epidemic in a population, individuals adaptively adjust their behavior to avoid the risk of an epidemic. Differently from existing studies where new links are established randomly, a local lin...In the propagation of an epidemic in a population, individuals adaptively adjust their behavior to avoid the risk of an epidemic. Differently from existing studies where new links are established randomly, a local link is established preferentially in this paper. We propose a new preferentially reconnecting edge strategy depending on spatial distance （PR- SD）. For the PR-SD strategy, the new link is established at random with probability p and in a shortest distance with the probability 1 p. We establish the epidemic model on an adaptive network using Cellular Automata, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model by numerical simulations. The results show that the smaller the value of parameter p, the more difficult the epidemic spread is. The PR-SD strategy breaks long-range links and establishes as many short-range links as possible, which causes the network efficiency to decrease quickly and the propagation of the epidemic is restrained effectively.展开更多
The nature-culture divide is an artificial separation consolidated by Western modern science.It is a social construction that disseminated globally,but does not exist in some non-Western societies.Abandoning this fram...The nature-culture divide is an artificial separation consolidated by Western modern science.It is a social construction that disseminated globally,but does not exist in some non-Western societies.Abandoning this framework to embrace an integrated system for sustainability is challenging.The concept of the Historic Urban Landscape(HUL)already attempts to integrate natural and cultural heritage into urban planning by focusing on a landscape approach.However,this approach consumes rural and nature into the urban.To uncover nature and return it to the forefront of urban conservation,this paper explores cultural landscapes as examples where natural and cultural values are inextricably related.Four case studies are presented of satoyama and satoumi,cultural landscapes of Japan where Shinto beliefs and traditional agricultural practices knit together nature and culture,rendering the divide unseen.This paper suggests connecting the HUL approach,with this inclusive understanding,by turning the focus to mapping seasonal relationships following a transdisciplinary approach in which indigenous and local knowledge are integrated,as well as a temporal dimension.In this way,one can find satoyama and satoumi in the urban environment:by looking beyond the attributes,the interrelationships with the natural substratum needed to support the development of quality and resilient environments can be revealed.展开更多
China and ASEAN members push regional integration to mitigate negative effects of slumping global economy This year marks the 20th anniversary of Sino ASEAN dialogue relations.Since January,there have been a
The most marked characteristic of a department dedicated to Architecture in the sense of Construction and Conservation is that it places Architecture as a constructed reality at the center of its teaching and research...The most marked characteristic of a department dedicated to Architecture in the sense of Construction and Conservation is that it places Architecture as a constructed reality at the center of its teaching and research;or better,the indissoluble connection between a knowledge of form and a knowledge of construction.A connection that constitutes a category of awareness of architecture as designed in the past and a category of operational practices running across the entire process of projection from the analytical phase of the first moment of planning,to the identification of the materials and systems of construction to be used;a connection that overrides and informs the activity of construction on the building-site and which reveals it's quality when tested over time.展开更多
Magnetic field and plasma measurements in the period of 1975-1981 with 0. 18-h averages from Helios spacecrafts are analyzed. It is discovered that magnetic reconnection phenomena exist in the interplanetary space. By...Magnetic field and plasma measurements in the period of 1975-1981 with 0. 18-h averages from Helios spacecrafts are analyzed. It is discovered that magnetic reconnection phenomena exist in the interplanetary space. By means of the reconstruction of magnetic field configuration in the azimuth angle plane, it is found that the magnetic reconnection event with time scale of the order of day is a significant form of magnetic reconnection phenomena in the interplanetary space, which consists of a mediate body (or a plasma bulk) and two magnetic separator lines. It could originate from coronal mass ejection event or magnetic cloud in the interplanetary space. Numerical simulation has reproduced the basic characteristics of the magnetic reconnection events.展开更多
In this paper, the particle acceleration processes around magnetotail dipolarization fronts(DFs) were reviewed. We summarize the spacecraft observations(including Cluster, THEMIS, MMS) and numerical simulations(includ...In this paper, the particle acceleration processes around magnetotail dipolarization fronts(DFs) were reviewed. We summarize the spacecraft observations(including Cluster, THEMIS, MMS) and numerical simulations(including MHD, testparticle, hybrid, LSK, PIC) of these processes. Specifically, we(1) introduce the properties of DFs at MHD scale, ion scale, and electron scale,(2) review the properties of suprathermal electrons with particular focus on the pitch-angle distributions,(3)define the particle-acceleration process and distinguish it from the particle-heating process,(4) identify the particle-acceleration process from spacecraft measurements of energy fluxes, and(5) quantify the acceleration efficiency and compare it with other processes in the magnetosphere(e.g., magnetic reconnection and radiation-belt acceleration processes). We focus on both the acceleration of electrons and ions(including light ions and heavy ions). Regarding electron acceleration, we introduce Fermi,betatron, and non-adiabatic acceleration mechanisms;regarding ion acceleration, we present Fermi, betatron, reflection, resonance, and non-adiabatic acceleration mechanisms. We also discuss the unsolved problems and open questions relevant to this topic, and suggest directions for future studies.展开更多
We analyse the WIND data of an interplanetary magnetic cloud （MC） on 2 November 2001, and find new evidences for magnetic reconnection in the tail of this MC. In the MC tail, the largely dip and the large change of ...We analyse the WIND data of an interplanetary magnetic cloud （MC） on 2 November 2001, and find new evidences for magnetic reconnection in the tail of this MC. In the MC tail, the largely dip and the large change of the orientation of the magnetic field occurred simultaneously, △θ≈45° and △φ changed from 90° to 320°. Correspondingly, the number density of ions increased, and the superthermal electrons were heated and accelerated, however its number density decreased. Meanwhile, inverse jets and Hall term were observed. The pitch-angle distributions of the electrons with lower energy and higher energy showed strong turbulence and bi-direction flow, respectively. The plasma wave activity enhanced near the electron plasma frequency, fpe and 2fpe. These important physical characteristics are new evidences for magnetic reconnection existing in interplanetary space.展开更多
A number of backscatter power enhancement events with ＂equatorward-moving radar auroral forms＂ in the high-latitude ionosphere were observed by SuperDARN CUTLASS Finland radar when the IMF was northward during 09：0...A number of backscatter power enhancement events with ＂equatorward-moving radar auroral forms＂ in the high-latitude ionosphere were observed by SuperDARN CUTLASS Finland radar when the IMF was northward during 09：00 -10：00 UT on 26 March 2004. These events were also associated with sunward flow enhancements at each location in the Northern Hemisphere which were shown in ionospheric convections measured by the SuperDARN radars. These are typical features of high-latitude （lobe） magnetic reconnections. The durations of the velocity enhancements imply that the evolution time of the lobe reconnec- tions is about 8-16 rain from their origin at the reconnection site to their addition to the magnetotall lobe again. In additional, the Double Star TC-1 spacecraft was moving from magnetosheath into magnetosphere, and crossing the magnetopause near the subsolar region during this interval, and observed typical low-latitude magnetic reconnection signatures. This infers that the dayside high- and low-latitude reconnections may occur simultaneously.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. BK2010526)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 20103223110003)the Ministry of Education Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Fund (Grant No. 12YJAZH120)
文摘In the propagation of an epidemic in a population, individuals adaptively adjust their behavior to avoid the risk of an epidemic. Differently from existing studies where new links are established randomly, a local link is established preferentially in this paper. We propose a new preferentially reconnecting edge strategy depending on spatial distance （PR- SD）. For the PR-SD strategy, the new link is established at random with probability p and in a shortest distance with the probability 1 p. We establish the epidemic model on an adaptive network using Cellular Automata, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model by numerical simulations. The results show that the smaller the value of parameter p, the more difficult the epidemic spread is. The PR-SD strategy breaks long-range links and establishes as many short-range links as possible, which causes the network efficiency to decrease quickly and the propagation of the epidemic is restrained effectively.
文摘The nature-culture divide is an artificial separation consolidated by Western modern science.It is a social construction that disseminated globally,but does not exist in some non-Western societies.Abandoning this framework to embrace an integrated system for sustainability is challenging.The concept of the Historic Urban Landscape(HUL)already attempts to integrate natural and cultural heritage into urban planning by focusing on a landscape approach.However,this approach consumes rural and nature into the urban.To uncover nature and return it to the forefront of urban conservation,this paper explores cultural landscapes as examples where natural and cultural values are inextricably related.Four case studies are presented of satoyama and satoumi,cultural landscapes of Japan where Shinto beliefs and traditional agricultural practices knit together nature and culture,rendering the divide unseen.This paper suggests connecting the HUL approach,with this inclusive understanding,by turning the focus to mapping seasonal relationships following a transdisciplinary approach in which indigenous and local knowledge are integrated,as well as a temporal dimension.In this way,one can find satoyama and satoumi in the urban environment:by looking beyond the attributes,the interrelationships with the natural substratum needed to support the development of quality and resilient environments can be revealed.
文摘China and ASEAN members push regional integration to mitigate negative effects of slumping global economy This year marks the 20th anniversary of Sino ASEAN dialogue relations.Since January,there have been a
文摘The most marked characteristic of a department dedicated to Architecture in the sense of Construction and Conservation is that it places Architecture as a constructed reality at the center of its teaching and research;or better,the indissoluble connection between a knowledge of form and a knowledge of construction.A connection that constitutes a category of awareness of architecture as designed in the past and a category of operational practices running across the entire process of projection from the analytical phase of the first moment of planning,to the identification of the materials and systems of construction to be used;a connection that overrides and informs the activity of construction on the building-site and which reveals it's quality when tested over time.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Magnetic field and plasma measurements in the period of 1975-1981 with 0. 18-h averages from Helios spacecrafts are analyzed. It is discovered that magnetic reconnection phenomena exist in the interplanetary space. By means of the reconstruction of magnetic field configuration in the azimuth angle plane, it is found that the magnetic reconnection event with time scale of the order of day is a significant form of magnetic reconnection phenomena in the interplanetary space, which consists of a mediate body (or a plasma bulk) and two magnetic separator lines. It could originate from coronal mass ejection event or magnetic cloud in the interplanetary space. Numerical simulation has reproduced the basic characteristics of the magnetic reconnection events.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41404133, 41874188, 41574153, 40621003 & 41431071)supported by the project (Grant No. KP19-270)+1 种基金Christine GABRIELSE was supported by NASA (Grant No. NAS5-02099)the support by NASA’s MMS project at Sw RI and NSF (Grant Nos. AGS1602510, NASA NNX16AI39G/80NSSC18K1534, 80NSSC18K0570 & 80NSSC18K0693)
文摘In this paper, the particle acceleration processes around magnetotail dipolarization fronts(DFs) were reviewed. We summarize the spacecraft observations(including Cluster, THEMIS, MMS) and numerical simulations(including MHD, testparticle, hybrid, LSK, PIC) of these processes. Specifically, we(1) introduce the properties of DFs at MHD scale, ion scale, and electron scale,(2) review the properties of suprathermal electrons with particular focus on the pitch-angle distributions,(3)define the particle-acceleration process and distinguish it from the particle-heating process,(4) identify the particle-acceleration process from spacecraft measurements of energy fluxes, and(5) quantify the acceleration efficiency and compare it with other processes in the magnetosphere(e.g., magnetic reconnection and radiation-belt acceleration processes). We focus on both the acceleration of electrons and ions(including light ions and heavy ions). Regarding electron acceleration, we introduce Fermi,betatron, and non-adiabatic acceleration mechanisms;regarding ion acceleration, we present Fermi, betatron, reflection, resonance, and non-adiabatic acceleration mechanisms. We also discuss the unsolved problems and open questions relevant to this topic, and suggest directions for future studies.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos G200078405, 40336053 and 40274052, and the International Collaboration Research Team Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘We analyse the WIND data of an interplanetary magnetic cloud （MC） on 2 November 2001, and find new evidences for magnetic reconnection in the tail of this MC. In the MC tail, the largely dip and the large change of the orientation of the magnetic field occurred simultaneously, △θ≈45° and △φ changed from 90° to 320°. Correspondingly, the number density of ions increased, and the superthermal electrons were heated and accelerated, however its number density decreased. Meanwhile, inverse jets and Hall term were observed. The pitch-angle distributions of the electrons with lower energy and higher energy showed strong turbulence and bi-direction flow, respectively. The plasma wave activity enhanced near the electron plasma frequency, fpe and 2fpe. These important physical characteristics are new evidences for magnetic reconnection existing in interplanetary space.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41104091, 41031064, 40890164)the Youth Scientific and Technological Innovation Foundation, Polar Research Institute of China (Grant No. JDQ201001)+1 种基金the International Collaboration Supporting Project, Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration (Grant No. IC201112)the Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project, State Oceanic Administration People's Republic of China (Grant No. 201005017)
文摘A number of backscatter power enhancement events with ＂equatorward-moving radar auroral forms＂ in the high-latitude ionosphere were observed by SuperDARN CUTLASS Finland radar when the IMF was northward during 09：00 -10：00 UT on 26 March 2004. These events were also associated with sunward flow enhancements at each location in the Northern Hemisphere which were shown in ionospheric convections measured by the SuperDARN radars. These are typical features of high-latitude （lobe） magnetic reconnections. The durations of the velocity enhancements imply that the evolution time of the lobe reconnec- tions is about 8-16 rain from their origin at the reconnection site to their addition to the magnetotall lobe again. In additional, the Double Star TC-1 spacecraft was moving from magnetosheath into magnetosphere, and crossing the magnetopause near the subsolar region during this interval, and observed typical low-latitude magnetic reconnection signatures. This infers that the dayside high- and low-latitude reconnections may occur simultaneously.
