Background:Among parasitic infections,schistosomiasis ranks second after malaria in terms of worldwide morbidity.Despite efforts to contain transmission,more than 230 million people are infected,of which 85%live in Su...Background:Among parasitic infections,schistosomiasis ranks second after malaria in terms of worldwide morbidity.Despite efforts to contain transmission,more than 230 million people are infected,of which 85%live in Sub-Saharan Africa.While the epidemiologic characteristics of schistosomiasis have been extensively studied across endemic settings,social factors have been paid less attention.The current study assesses community knowledge of schistosomiasis causes,transmission,signs,symptoms and prevention,as well as healthcare-seeking behaviours in two West African settings,with the aim of strengthening schistosomiasis control interventions.Methods:From August 2014 to June 2015,we conducted two cross-sectional surveys in Korhogo,Cote d’Ivoire and Kaedi,Mauritania.We applied a questionnaire to collect quantitative data at the household level in Korhogo(n=1456)and Kaedi(n=1453).Focus group discussions(Korhogo:n=32,Kaedi:n=32)and participatory photography(photovoice)(Korhogo:n=16,Kaedi:n=16)were conducted within the communities to gather qualitative data.In addition,semi-structured interviews were used to discuss with key informants from control programmes,nongovernmental organizations and health districts(Korhogo:n=8,Kaedi:n=7).Results:The study demonstrated that schistosomiasis is not well known by the communities;64.1%claimed to know the causes of the disease,but the reality is different.This knowledge is more from cultural than biomedical source.It was observed that social construction of the disease is different from the biomedical definition.In Korhogo,schistosomiasis was often associated with several other diseases,notably stomach ulcer and gonorrhoea.The populations believe that schistosomiasis is caused by exposure to goat or dog urine in the environment.In Kaedi,schistosomiasis is considered as a disease transmitted by environmenal elements such as sunshine and dirty water.In both settings,the care-seeking pathways were found to be strongly influenced by local customs and self-medication acquired from the i展开更多
Islamic fundamentalism is a reading of Islam,the Qur’an and hadiths,according to which a large part of these bases are nonhistorical,independent and immune to social and political changes and are applicable to all so...Islamic fundamentalism is a reading of Islam,the Qur’an and hadiths,according to which a large part of these bases are nonhistorical,independent and immune to social and political changes and are applicable to all societies and eras.The aim of this article is explanation the causes behind the emergence and spread of this specific form of fundamentalist trend.The research method is based on grounded theory.Samples have been selected through purposive sampling and theoretical saturation was obtained after carrying out depth interviews with 15 participants.Findings show confronting modernism,the crisis of meaning,dominant uncertainty,the need of the contemporary man to collective identity,and the weakness of religious clergy in converting religion to a discourse are the main reasons to tendency to Islamic fundamentalism movement.The fundamentalist movement in Kurdistan,rather than ethnic,highlights Sunni Islam and claims to establishment an Islamic state.These two characteristics distinguish this movement from other Kurdish movements throughout history of Iranian Kurdistan.Moreover,this movement is a reaction to the political,economic and social challenges of the Sunnis of Iran,especially the Kurds.展开更多
基金This project received financial support from the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases(TDR)and the Canadian International Development Research Centre(IDRC)(grant no.NB20283 to Dr.Brama Koné)The funders had no role in the study design,data collection and analyses,decision to publish,or preparation of the paper.
文摘Background:Among parasitic infections,schistosomiasis ranks second after malaria in terms of worldwide morbidity.Despite efforts to contain transmission,more than 230 million people are infected,of which 85%live in Sub-Saharan Africa.While the epidemiologic characteristics of schistosomiasis have been extensively studied across endemic settings,social factors have been paid less attention.The current study assesses community knowledge of schistosomiasis causes,transmission,signs,symptoms and prevention,as well as healthcare-seeking behaviours in two West African settings,with the aim of strengthening schistosomiasis control interventions.Methods:From August 2014 to June 2015,we conducted two cross-sectional surveys in Korhogo,Cote d’Ivoire and Kaedi,Mauritania.We applied a questionnaire to collect quantitative data at the household level in Korhogo(n=1456)and Kaedi(n=1453).Focus group discussions(Korhogo:n=32,Kaedi:n=32)and participatory photography(photovoice)(Korhogo:n=16,Kaedi:n=16)were conducted within the communities to gather qualitative data.In addition,semi-structured interviews were used to discuss with key informants from control programmes,nongovernmental organizations and health districts(Korhogo:n=8,Kaedi:n=7).Results:The study demonstrated that schistosomiasis is not well known by the communities;64.1%claimed to know the causes of the disease,but the reality is different.This knowledge is more from cultural than biomedical source.It was observed that social construction of the disease is different from the biomedical definition.In Korhogo,schistosomiasis was often associated with several other diseases,notably stomach ulcer and gonorrhoea.The populations believe that schistosomiasis is caused by exposure to goat or dog urine in the environment.In Kaedi,schistosomiasis is considered as a disease transmitted by environmenal elements such as sunshine and dirty water.In both settings,the care-seeking pathways were found to be strongly influenced by local customs and self-medication acquired from the i
文摘Islamic fundamentalism is a reading of Islam,the Qur’an and hadiths,according to which a large part of these bases are nonhistorical,independent and immune to social and political changes and are applicable to all societies and eras.The aim of this article is explanation the causes behind the emergence and spread of this specific form of fundamentalist trend.The research method is based on grounded theory.Samples have been selected through purposive sampling and theoretical saturation was obtained after carrying out depth interviews with 15 participants.Findings show confronting modernism,the crisis of meaning,dominant uncertainty,the need of the contemporary man to collective identity,and the weakness of religious clergy in converting religion to a discourse are the main reasons to tendency to Islamic fundamentalism movement.The fundamentalist movement in Kurdistan,rather than ethnic,highlights Sunni Islam and claims to establishment an Islamic state.These two characteristics distinguish this movement from other Kurdish movements throughout history of Iranian Kurdistan.Moreover,this movement is a reaction to the political,economic and social challenges of the Sunnis of Iran,especially the Kurds.
