分析高炉喷吹焦炉煤气对炉内热量分布及冶炼参数的影响,结果表明高炉喷吹焦炉煤气有助于改善炉内间接还原,从而降低直接还原度、焦比和燃料比,在满足约束条件的前提下每喷吹1 m 3焦炉煤气可减少燃料约0.4 kg。焦炉煤气喷吹造成理论燃烧...分析高炉喷吹焦炉煤气对炉内热量分布及冶炼参数的影响,结果表明高炉喷吹焦炉煤气有助于改善炉内间接还原,从而降低直接还原度、焦比和燃料比,在满足约束条件的前提下每喷吹1 m 3焦炉煤气可减少燃料约0.4 kg。焦炉煤气喷吹造成理论燃烧温度下降,高炉下部热损失增加,高炉上部热损失逐步减小,高炉富氢量对炉内热量分配的影响应成为研究重点。在不富氧条件下,平均每喷吹10 m 3焦炉煤气,理论燃烧温度降低约9.5℃。展开更多
Based on the stoichiometric method and the free energy minimization method,an ideal model for the reduction of iron oxides by carbon and hydrogen under blast furnace conditions was established,and the reduction effici...Based on the stoichiometric method and the free energy minimization method,an ideal model for the reduction of iron oxides by carbon and hydrogen under blast furnace conditions was established,and the reduction efficiency and theoretical energy consumption of the all-carbon blast furnace and the hydrogen-rich blast furnace were compared.The results show that after the reduction reaction is completed at the bottom of the blast furnace,the gas produced by reduction at 1600℃still has a certain excessive reduction capacity,which is due to the hydrogen brought in by the hydrogen-rich blast as well as the excess carbon monoxide generated by the reaction of the coke and the oxygen brought in by the blast.During the process of the gas with excessive reduction capacity rising from the bottom of the blast furnace and gas reduction process,the excessive reduction capacity of the gas gradually decreases with the increase in the dydrogen content in the blast.In the all-carbon blast furnace,the excess gas reduction capacity is the strongest,and the total energy consumption per ton of iron reduction is the lowest.This shows that,for the current operation mode of the blast furnace,adding hydrogen in the blast furnace cannot reduce the consumption of carbon required for reduction per ton of iron,but rather increases the consumption of carbon.展开更多
针对气固直接还原工艺中存在着气体利用率低和还原供热不足等问题,利用恒温热重分析(TG)法,研究了氢/碳比率对白云鄂博铁精矿还原速度的影响。结果表明,在还原试验开始后40 min内,还原速率随wH2/wCO比增加而增大,使得Fe2O3→Fe3O4反应...针对气固直接还原工艺中存在着气体利用率低和还原供热不足等问题,利用恒温热重分析(TG)法,研究了氢/碳比率对白云鄂博铁精矿还原速度的影响。结果表明,在还原试验开始后40 min内,还原速率随wH2/wCO比增加而增大,使得Fe2O3→Fe3O4反应时间缩短。基于气相内扩散和界面反应的球团还原速度方程均能较好地处理本研究的数据,得到了反应速度常数与wH2/wCO的关系为:k界面=-0.1975+0.3 575wH2/wCO,k扩散=0.171 01+0.269 7wH2/wCO。根据Arrhenius方程计算出界面反应和气相内扩散活化能分别为26 k J/mol和44 k J/mol,因此本研究条件下限制性环节为气体内扩散控制。展开更多
A number of mitigation techniques exist to reduce the emissions of pollutant gases and greenhouse gases(GHGs) from anaerobic storage of livestock manure. Nanoparticle(NP)application is a promising mitigating treatment...A number of mitigation techniques exist to reduce the emissions of pollutant gases and greenhouse gases(GHGs) from anaerobic storage of livestock manure. Nanoparticle(NP)application is a promising mitigating treatment option for pollutant gases, but limited research is available on the mode of NP application and their effectiveness in gaseous emission reduction. In this study, zinc silica nanogel(ZnSNL), copper silica nanogel(CuSNL), and N-acetyl cysteine(NACL) coated zinc oxide quantum dot(Qdot) NPs were compared to a control lacking NPs. All three NPs tested significantly reduced gas production and concentrations compared to non-treated manure. Overall, cumulative gas volumes were reduced by 92.73%–95.83%, and concentrations reduced by 48.98%–99.75% for H_2S, and 20.24%–99.82% for GHGs. Thus, application of NPs is a potential treatment option for mitigating pollutant and GHG emissions from anaerobically stored manure.展开更多
As part of efforts to reduce anthropogenic CO_(2) emissions by the steelmaking industry,this study investigated the direct reduction of industrially produced hematite pellets with H_(2) using the Doehlert experimental...As part of efforts to reduce anthropogenic CO_(2) emissions by the steelmaking industry,this study investigated the direct reduction of industrially produced hematite pellets with H_(2) using the Doehlert experimental design to evaluate the effect of pellet diameter(10.5-16.5 mm),porosity(0.36-0.44),and temperature(600-1200℃).A strong interactive effect between temperature and pellet size was observed,indicating that these variables cannot be considered independently.The increase in temperature and decrease in pellet size considerably favor the reduction rate,while porosity did not show a relevant effect.The change in pellet size during the reduction was negligible,except at elevated temperatures due to crack formation.A considerable decrease in mechanical strength at high temperatures suggests a maximum process operating temperature of 900℃.Good predictive capacity was achieved using the modified grain model to simulate the three consecutive non-catalytic gas-solid reactions,considering different pellet sizes and porosities,changes during the reaction from 800 to 900℃.However,for other temperatures,different mechanisms of structural modifications must be considered in the modeling.These results represent significant contributions to the development of ore pellets for CO_(2)-free steelmaking technology.展开更多
Natural gas containing hydrogen sulphide （H2S） has been found in several petroliferous basins in China, such as the Sichuan Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, Ordos Basin, Tarim Basin, etc. Natural gas with higher HES contents...Natural gas containing hydrogen sulphide （H2S） has been found in several petroliferous basins in China, such as the Sichuan Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, Ordos Basin, Tarim Basin, etc. Natural gas with higher HES contents （HES 〉5 % mol.） is mostly distributed in both the gas reservoirs of Dukouhe, Luojiazhai, Puguang and Tieshanpo, which belong to the Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the northeastern Sichuan Basin and those of the Kongdian-Shahejie formations in the northeastern Jinxian Sag of the Jizhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. In the Sichuan Basin, the HES contents of natural gas average over 9% and some can be 17 %, while those of the Bohai Bay Basin range from 40 % to 92 %, being then one of the gas reservoirs with the highest H2S contents in the world. Based on detailed observation and sample analysis results of a total 5000 m of core from over 70 wells in the above-mentioned two basins, especially sulfur isotopic analysis of gypsum, brimstone, pyrite and natural gas, also with integrated study of the geochemical characteristics of hydrocarbons, it is thought that the natural gas with high HES contents resulted from thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR） reactions. Among them, the natural gas in the Feixianguan Formation resulted from TSR reactions participated by hydrocarbon gas, while that in the Zhaolanzhuang of the Jinxian Sag being the product of TSR participated by crude oil. During the consumption process of hydrocarbons due to TSR, the heavy hydrocarbons were apt to react with sulfate, which accordingly resulted in the dry coefficient of natural gas increasing and the carbon isotopes becoming heavier.展开更多
文摘分析高炉喷吹焦炉煤气对炉内热量分布及冶炼参数的影响,结果表明高炉喷吹焦炉煤气有助于改善炉内间接还原,从而降低直接还原度、焦比和燃料比,在满足约束条件的前提下每喷吹1 m 3焦炉煤气可减少燃料约0.4 kg。焦炉煤气喷吹造成理论燃烧温度下降,高炉下部热损失增加,高炉上部热损失逐步减小,高炉富氢量对炉内热量分配的影响应成为研究重点。在不富氧条件下,平均每喷吹10 m 3焦炉煤气,理论燃烧温度降低约9.5℃。
基金The author are thankful for the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1560203,51704021,and 51274031)Beijing Key Laboratory of Special Melting and Preparation of High-End Metal Materials.
文摘Based on the stoichiometric method and the free energy minimization method,an ideal model for the reduction of iron oxides by carbon and hydrogen under blast furnace conditions was established,and the reduction efficiency and theoretical energy consumption of the all-carbon blast furnace and the hydrogen-rich blast furnace were compared.The results show that after the reduction reaction is completed at the bottom of the blast furnace,the gas produced by reduction at 1600℃still has a certain excessive reduction capacity,which is due to the hydrogen brought in by the hydrogen-rich blast as well as the excess carbon monoxide generated by the reaction of the coke and the oxygen brought in by the blast.During the process of the gas with excessive reduction capacity rising from the bottom of the blast furnace and gas reduction process,the excessive reduction capacity of the gas gradually decreases with the increase in the dydrogen content in the blast.In the all-carbon blast furnace,the excess gas reduction capacity is the strongest,and the total energy consumption per ton of iron reduction is the lowest.This shows that,for the current operation mode of the blast furnace,adding hydrogen in the blast furnace cannot reduce the consumption of carbon required for reduction per ton of iron,but rather increases the consumption of carbon.
文摘针对气固直接还原工艺中存在着气体利用率低和还原供热不足等问题,利用恒温热重分析(TG)法,研究了氢/碳比率对白云鄂博铁精矿还原速度的影响。结果表明,在还原试验开始后40 min内,还原速率随wH2/wCO比增加而增大,使得Fe2O3→Fe3O4反应时间缩短。基于气相内扩散和界面反应的球团还原速度方程均能较好地处理本研究的数据,得到了反应速度常数与wH2/wCO的关系为:k界面=-0.1975+0.3 575wH2/wCO,k扩散=0.171 01+0.269 7wH2/wCO。根据Arrhenius方程计算出界面反应和气相内扩散活化能分别为26 k J/mol和44 k J/mol,因此本研究条件下限制性环节为气体内扩散控制。
文摘A number of mitigation techniques exist to reduce the emissions of pollutant gases and greenhouse gases(GHGs) from anaerobic storage of livestock manure. Nanoparticle(NP)application is a promising mitigating treatment option for pollutant gases, but limited research is available on the mode of NP application and their effectiveness in gaseous emission reduction. In this study, zinc silica nanogel(ZnSNL), copper silica nanogel(CuSNL), and N-acetyl cysteine(NACL) coated zinc oxide quantum dot(Qdot) NPs were compared to a control lacking NPs. All three NPs tested significantly reduced gas production and concentrations compared to non-treated manure. Overall, cumulative gas volumes were reduced by 92.73%–95.83%, and concentrations reduced by 48.98%–99.75% for H_2S, and 20.24%–99.82% for GHGs. Thus, application of NPs is a potential treatment option for mitigating pollutant and GHG emissions from anaerobically stored manure.
基金Institute of Technological Research–IPT,Fundcao de AmparoàPesquisa do Estado de Sao PauloBrazil[Process 2019/05840-3]+1 种基金Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoBrazil[Process 167470/2018-3]。
文摘As part of efforts to reduce anthropogenic CO_(2) emissions by the steelmaking industry,this study investigated the direct reduction of industrially produced hematite pellets with H_(2) using the Doehlert experimental design to evaluate the effect of pellet diameter(10.5-16.5 mm),porosity(0.36-0.44),and temperature(600-1200℃).A strong interactive effect between temperature and pellet size was observed,indicating that these variables cannot be considered independently.The increase in temperature and decrease in pellet size considerably favor the reduction rate,while porosity did not show a relevant effect.The change in pellet size during the reduction was negligible,except at elevated temperatures due to crack formation.A considerable decrease in mechanical strength at high temperatures suggests a maximum process operating temperature of 900℃.Good predictive capacity was achieved using the modified grain model to simulate the three consecutive non-catalytic gas-solid reactions,considering different pellet sizes and porosities,changes during the reaction from 800 to 900℃.However,for other temperatures,different mechanisms of structural modifications must be considered in the modeling.These results represent significant contributions to the development of ore pellets for CO_(2)-free steelmaking technology.
文摘Natural gas containing hydrogen sulphide （H2S） has been found in several petroliferous basins in China, such as the Sichuan Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, Ordos Basin, Tarim Basin, etc. Natural gas with higher HES contents （HES 〉5 % mol.） is mostly distributed in both the gas reservoirs of Dukouhe, Luojiazhai, Puguang and Tieshanpo, which belong to the Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the northeastern Sichuan Basin and those of the Kongdian-Shahejie formations in the northeastern Jinxian Sag of the Jizhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. In the Sichuan Basin, the HES contents of natural gas average over 9% and some can be 17 %, while those of the Bohai Bay Basin range from 40 % to 92 %, being then one of the gas reservoirs with the highest H2S contents in the world. Based on detailed observation and sample analysis results of a total 5000 m of core from over 70 wells in the above-mentioned two basins, especially sulfur isotopic analysis of gypsum, brimstone, pyrite and natural gas, also with integrated study of the geochemical characteristics of hydrocarbons, it is thought that the natural gas with high HES contents resulted from thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR） reactions. Among them, the natural gas in the Feixianguan Formation resulted from TSR reactions participated by hydrocarbon gas, while that in the Zhaolanzhuang of the Jinxian Sag being the product of TSR participated by crude oil. During the consumption process of hydrocarbons due to TSR, the heavy hydrocarbons were apt to react with sulfate, which accordingly resulted in the dry coefficient of natural gas increasing and the carbon isotopes becoming heavier.
