The sheep populations were studied with Q-type Hierarchical Clustering Method, and characters of the populations were used to construct the principal component, then, the principal component values were analyzed with ...The sheep populations were studied with Q-type Hierarchical Clustering Method, and characters of the populations were used to construct the principal component, then, the principal component values were analyzed with R-type Hierarchical Clustering Method, which might display the genetic differentiation among populations and conform to the result of the known sheep phylogenetic system in China. Characters of the populations were studied with Q-type Hierarchical Clustering Method. The elevation and average annual rainfall were found to be important characters. The ecology factor is also an important character for the breed classification.展开更多
Morphological variation based on eight measured and four derived traits was studied to establish whether there was significant variation between populations and to identify the influence of the altitude on morphologic...Morphological variation based on eight measured and four derived traits was studied to establish whether there was significant variation between populations and to identify the influence of the altitude on morphological differentiation among 44 natural stands of common oak（Quercus robur L.） in Bosnia and Herzegovina,ranging from 82 to 860 m.The results point to significant intra-and inter-population differences.Elevation-related variation is less pronounced and determined largely by microclimatic factors.The results could provide management strategies for species reintroduction in the study area.There are no differences in leaf morphology between the different branches of individual trees.However,there are important variations between the altitudinal groups and closely linked to environmental factors in all traits.An important recommendation is to use seeds from oak with attention to their altitudinal origin.展开更多
Understanding how many species exist and the processes by which they form remains a central topic of ecological and evolutionary biology,but represents a special challenge within microbial groups.The lichen-forming fu...Understanding how many species exist and the processes by which they form remains a central topic of ecological and evolutionary biology,but represents a special challenge within microbial groups.The lichen-forming fungi represent one of the best examples in which species evolution and diversity create patterns of high phenotypic plasticity coupled with wide geographic distributions.We sampled the lichen-forming species Tephromela atra and related species at a world-wide scale to reconstruct a phylogenetic hypothesis using three nuclear markers.Samples were also studied for morphological and chemical traits to assess how well the phenotypic relationships with species,previously segregated from T.atra,agrees with molecular data.We used a genealogical concordance approach and identified 15 monophyletic clades,which may represent independent lineages.By combining morphological and chemical characters,ecological preferences and geographic origin we distinguish six different species.Although subtle phenotypical traits are frequently used for describing previously cryptic species in fungi,the continuum of variability found in morphology and chemical patterns in T.atra prevents the description of new taxa with characteristic traits.We observed that phenotypic characters arise in parallel at local or regional scale but are not correlated with genetic isolation.Therefore,they are insufficient for characterizing species with broad geographic ranges within T.atra.展开更多
基金supported by International Cooperative Item of the Nationa1 Natura1 Science Foundation of China(30310103007).
文摘The sheep populations were studied with Q-type Hierarchical Clustering Method, and characters of the populations were used to construct the principal component, then, the principal component values were analyzed with R-type Hierarchical Clustering Method, which might display the genetic differentiation among populations and conform to the result of the known sheep phylogenetic system in China. Characters of the populations were studied with Q-type Hierarchical Clustering Method. The elevation and average annual rainfall were found to be important characters. The ecology factor is also an important character for the breed classification.
基金financially supported by the Cantonal Ministry of Education and Science,Sarajevo Canton,Agreement No.11-14-20059.1/07 of 27.12.2007
文摘Morphological variation based on eight measured and four derived traits was studied to establish whether there was significant variation between populations and to identify the influence of the altitude on morphological differentiation among 44 natural stands of common oak（Quercus robur L.） in Bosnia and Herzegovina,ranging from 82 to 860 m.The results point to significant intra-and inter-population differences.Elevation-related variation is less pronounced and determined largely by microclimatic factors.The results could provide management strategies for species reintroduction in the study area.There are no differences in leaf morphology between the different branches of individual trees.However,there are important variations between the altitudinal groups and closely linked to environmental factors in all traits.An important recommendation is to use seeds from oak with attention to their altitudinal origin.
基金LM,MG and TS are grateful to the Austrian Science Foundation for financial support(LM for FWF Herta-Firnberg Project T481-B20,TS for FWF P25237)SPO is supported by the grant CTM2012-38222-C02-02 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.Program.
文摘Understanding how many species exist and the processes by which they form remains a central topic of ecological and evolutionary biology,but represents a special challenge within microbial groups.The lichen-forming fungi represent one of the best examples in which species evolution and diversity create patterns of high phenotypic plasticity coupled with wide geographic distributions.We sampled the lichen-forming species Tephromela atra and related species at a world-wide scale to reconstruct a phylogenetic hypothesis using three nuclear markers.Samples were also studied for morphological and chemical traits to assess how well the phenotypic relationships with species,previously segregated from T.atra,agrees with molecular data.We used a genealogical concordance approach and identified 15 monophyletic clades,which may represent independent lineages.By combining morphological and chemical characters,ecological preferences and geographic origin we distinguish six different species.Although subtle phenotypical traits are frequently used for describing previously cryptic species in fungi,the continuum of variability found in morphology and chemical patterns in T.atra prevents the description of new taxa with characteristic traits.We observed that phenotypic characters arise in parallel at local or regional scale but are not correlated with genetic isolation.Therefore,they are insufficient for characterizing species with broad geographic ranges within T.atra.
