The electrode ionomer plays a crucial role in the catalyst layer(CL) of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) and is closely associated with the proton conduction and gas transport properties,structural stabilit...The electrode ionomer plays a crucial role in the catalyst layer(CL) of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) and is closely associated with the proton conduction and gas transport properties,structural stability,and water management capability.In this review,we discuss the CL structural characteristics and highlight the latest advancements in ionomer material research.Additionally,we comprehensively introduce the design concepts and exceptional performances of porous electrode ionomers,elaborate on their structural properties and functions within the fuel cell CL,and investigate their effect on the CL microstructure and performance.Finally,we present a prospective evaluation of the developments in the electrode ionomer for fabricating CL,offering valuable insights for designing and synthesizing more efficient electrode ionomer materials.By addressing these facets,this review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the role and potential of electrode ionomers for enhancing PEMFC performance.展开更多
Due to the individual electrical and mechanical characteristics of resistance welding machines, choice of the right machine and welding parameters for an optimized production is often difficult. This is especially the...Due to the individual electrical and mechanical characteristics of resistance welding machines, choice of the right machine and welding parameters for an optimized production is often difficult. This is especially the case in projection welding of complex joints. In this paper, a new approach of characterizing the electrical properties of AC resistance welding machines is presented, involving testing and mathematical modelling of the weld current, the firing angle and the conduction angle of silicon controlled rectifiers with the aid of a series of proof resistances. The model predicts the weld current and the conduction angle （or heat setting） at each set current, when the workpiece resistance is given.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(Nos.21625102,21971017,and 22102008)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFB1506300)Postdoctoral Fund of China(Nos.2020T130055 and 2020M670143).
文摘The electrode ionomer plays a crucial role in the catalyst layer(CL) of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) and is closely associated with the proton conduction and gas transport properties,structural stability,and water management capability.In this review,we discuss the CL structural characteristics and highlight the latest advancements in ionomer material research.Additionally,we comprehensively introduce the design concepts and exceptional performances of porous electrode ionomers,elaborate on their structural properties and functions within the fuel cell CL,and investigate their effect on the CL microstructure and performance.Finally,we present a prospective evaluation of the developments in the electrode ionomer for fabricating CL,offering valuable insights for designing and synthesizing more efficient electrode ionomer materials.By addressing these facets,this review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the role and potential of electrode ionomers for enhancing PEMFC performance.
文摘Due to the individual electrical and mechanical characteristics of resistance welding machines, choice of the right machine and welding parameters for an optimized production is often difficult. This is especially the case in projection welding of complex joints. In this paper, a new approach of characterizing the electrical properties of AC resistance welding machines is presented, involving testing and mathematical modelling of the weld current, the firing angle and the conduction angle of silicon controlled rectifiers with the aid of a series of proof resistances. The model predicts the weld current and the conduction angle （or heat setting） at each set current, when the workpiece resistance is given.
