Nausea and/or vomiting are aversive gastrointestinal （GI） symptoms. Nausea and vomiting manifest unconditionally alter a nauseogenic experience. However, there is correlative, quasiexperimental and experimental evid...Nausea and/or vomiting are aversive gastrointestinal （GI） symptoms. Nausea and vomiting manifest unconditionally alter a nauseogenic experience. However, there is correlative, quasiexperimental and experimental evidence that nausea and vomiting can also be learned via classical （Pavlovian） conditioning and might occur in anticipation of the nauseogenic event. Classical conditioning of nausea can develop with chemotherapy in cancer patients. Initially, nausea and vomiting occur during and alter the administration of cytotoxic drugs （post-treatment nausea and vomiting） as unconditioned responses （UR）. In addition, 20%-30% of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy report these side effects, despite antiemetic medication, when being re-exposed to the stimuli that usually signal the chemotherapy session and its drug infusion. These symptoms are called anticipatory nausea （AN） and/or anticipatory vomiting （ANV） and are explained by classical conditioning. Moreover, there is recent evidence for the assumption that post- chemotherapy nausea is at least partly influenced by learning. Alter summarizing the relevant assumptions of the conditioning model, revealing that a context can become a conditioned stimulus （CS）, the present paper summarizes data that nausea and/or vomiting is acquired by classical conditioning and, consequently, may be alleviated by conditioning techniques. Our own research has focussed on two aspects and is emphasized here. First, a conditioned nausea model was established in healthy humans using body rotation as the nausea- inducing treatment. The validity of this motion-sickness model to examine conditioning mechanisms in the acquisition and alleviation of conditioned nausea and associated endocrine and immunological responses is summarized. Results from the rotation-induced motion sickness model showed that gender is an important moderator variable to be considered in further studies. This paper concludes with a review of the application of the demonstrated conditioning展开更多
目的：观察不良情绪与预期性恶心和呕吐（Anticipatory nausea and vomiting,ANV）发生之间的关系及预期性恶心和呕吐发生患者的交感神经兴奋性和肾上腺皮质激素的变化情况.方法：采用恶心、呕吐情况调查表及ZUNG氏焦虑自评量表（SAS）...目的：观察不良情绪与预期性恶心和呕吐（Anticipatory nausea and vomiting,ANV）发生之间的关系及预期性恶心和呕吐发生患者的交感神经兴奋性和肾上腺皮质激素的变化情况.方法：采用恶心、呕吐情况调查表及ZUNG氏焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）对87例经历过一或两个化疗周期的癌症患者进行调查,以皮肤电测试仪测量其皮肤电阻水平,以放射免疫法测其唾液中皮质醇含量.结果：预期性恶心和呕吐发生组患者（n=35）恶心问卷总分（0.3±0.2）及三因子躯体不适（0.3±0.2）、消化道反应（0.5±0.3）、情绪痛苦（0.2±0.2）均高于未发生预期性恶心和呕吐组（n=52）（0.1±0.1、0.1±0.1、0.1±0.1、0.1±0.1,P＜0.05或0.01）.发生组焦虑（38.0±8.7）、抑郁（38.3±10.8）、唾液皮质醇含量（6.8±2.9）的得分均高于未发生组（31.6±6.0,P＜0.01）、（33.1±7.3,P＜0.05）、（5.14±2.45,P＜0.05）.发生组皮肤电阻（0.60±0.37）低于未发生组（1.44±1.01,P＜0.01）.相关分析结果显示,发生组恶心问卷总分及其三因子分与焦虑正相关（r=0.49～0.62, P＜0.01）,与抑郁正相关（r=0.26～0.40, P＜0.05或0.01）.结论：发生期待性恶心和呕吐的癌症患者具有较重的应激反应,焦虑、抑郁是伴随期待性恶心和呕吐发生的重要因素.展开更多
文摘Nausea and/or vomiting are aversive gastrointestinal （GI） symptoms. Nausea and vomiting manifest unconditionally alter a nauseogenic experience. However, there is correlative, quasiexperimental and experimental evidence that nausea and vomiting can also be learned via classical （Pavlovian） conditioning and might occur in anticipation of the nauseogenic event. Classical conditioning of nausea can develop with chemotherapy in cancer patients. Initially, nausea and vomiting occur during and alter the administration of cytotoxic drugs （post-treatment nausea and vomiting） as unconditioned responses （UR）. In addition, 20%-30% of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy report these side effects, despite antiemetic medication, when being re-exposed to the stimuli that usually signal the chemotherapy session and its drug infusion. These symptoms are called anticipatory nausea （AN） and/or anticipatory vomiting （ANV） and are explained by classical conditioning. Moreover, there is recent evidence for the assumption that post- chemotherapy nausea is at least partly influenced by learning. Alter summarizing the relevant assumptions of the conditioning model, revealing that a context can become a conditioned stimulus （CS）, the present paper summarizes data that nausea and/or vomiting is acquired by classical conditioning and, consequently, may be alleviated by conditioning techniques. Our own research has focussed on two aspects and is emphasized here. First, a conditioned nausea model was established in healthy humans using body rotation as the nausea- inducing treatment. The validity of this motion-sickness model to examine conditioning mechanisms in the acquisition and alleviation of conditioned nausea and associated endocrine and immunological responses is summarized. Results from the rotation-induced motion sickness model showed that gender is an important moderator variable to be considered in further studies. This paper concludes with a review of the application of the demonstrated conditioning
