The software cost estimation aims to predict the most realistic effort that is required to finish a software project and so it is critical to the success of a software project management. A Software Cost Estimation af...The software cost estimation aims to predict the most realistic effort that is required to finish a software project and so it is critical to the success of a software project management. A Software Cost Estimation affects nearly all management activities, including project bidding, resource allocation and project planning. It is affected by a number of factors, such as implementation efficiency, as well as how much the various reviews and studies completed prior to the software development stage cost. Accurate cost estimation will help us to complete the project on time and within budget. Accurate estimation is important because it has led to extensive research into the methods of software cost estimation. Some important software cost estimation methods have been studied in this research work. In addition, we have set out own criteria, which has been used to compare all the different selected methods. We have also given a score for each evaluation criteria, so that we can compare the different methods numerically for cost estimation. Our observations have shown that it is best to use a number of different estimating techniques or cost models, and then compare the results before determining the reasons for any of the large variations. None of the methods are necessarily better or worse than the others. We found, in fact, that their strengths and weaknesses often complement each other. Therefore, the main conclusion is that there is no one single technique that is best for every situation, and the results of a number of different approaches need to be carefully considered to discover what is the most likely to produce estimates that are realistic.展开更多
The relationships between Hilary Putnam and the pragmatists （especially William James and John Dewey） are obvious but subtle. To shed some light on this issue, the author will explore a key issue that not only stand...The relationships between Hilary Putnam and the pragmatists （especially William James and John Dewey） are obvious but subtle. To shed some light on this issue, the author will explore a key issue that not only stands as Putnam＇s main inheritance from the pragmatists, but that also illuminates the relationships between them more clearly than any other issues. This key issue is the understanding of perception and the philosophical position that arises from this understanding. The author argues that in adopting Dewey＇s transactionalism （or interactionalism）, Putnam advances from James＇ insight to Dewey＇s, a shift that is particularly manifest in Putnam＇s attempt to add another layer of meaning to what he refers to as the second naivete that he detects and appreciates in James＇ natural realism.展开更多
Since the beginning of international relations as a formal academic discipline in 1919, the realist paradigm has dominated academic debate, and consequently, major foreign policy decisions. This paradigm focuses on ＂...Since the beginning of international relations as a formal academic discipline in 1919, the realist paradigm has dominated academic debate, and consequently, major foreign policy decisions. This paradigm focuses on ＂politics＂ as the actions of so-called ＂high politics＂; that is to say, primacy is given to actions between states over the actions that occur within states. This article will aim to demonstrate that the ＂low politics＂ of domestic policy should be considered to a further extent than it currently is in the field of international relations theory. In doing so, this article will focus on sub-unit level factors that have considerable impact on international relations; namely, political parties, terrorist organizations, and lobbying groups. However, it is recognised that proponents of neo-liberal theory, such as Keohane and Nye, and academics studying interest group theory, such as Kabashima and Sato, have done much work to further the idea of international relations theory as more than state-centric analysis. This article will act as an attempt to further this idea both through normative and conceptual analysis. The article uses Putnam＇s concept of two-level games as a basic model of international-domestic relations, hoping to expand on the concept whilst retaining its integrity.展开更多
In [1—3], we have discussed problems on the Putnam-Fuglede theorem of non-normal operators which reduce AX=XB’（AXB=X） to A*X =XB* （A*XB* =X）. For the normal operators the following problems are considered: Let ...In [1—3], we have discussed problems on the Putnam-Fuglede theorem of non-normal operators which reduce AX=XB’（AXB=X） to A*X =XB* （A*XB* =X）. For the normal operators the following problems are considered: Let （N1, …,Nn） and （M1,…, Mn） be two groups of commuting normal operators, and we展开更多
文摘The software cost estimation aims to predict the most realistic effort that is required to finish a software project and so it is critical to the success of a software project management. A Software Cost Estimation affects nearly all management activities, including project bidding, resource allocation and project planning. It is affected by a number of factors, such as implementation efficiency, as well as how much the various reviews and studies completed prior to the software development stage cost. Accurate cost estimation will help us to complete the project on time and within budget. Accurate estimation is important because it has led to extensive research into the methods of software cost estimation. Some important software cost estimation methods have been studied in this research work. In addition, we have set out own criteria, which has been used to compare all the different selected methods. We have also given a score for each evaluation criteria, so that we can compare the different methods numerically for cost estimation. Our observations have shown that it is best to use a number of different estimating techniques or cost models, and then compare the results before determining the reasons for any of the large variations. None of the methods are necessarily better or worse than the others. We found, in fact, that their strengths and weaknesses often complement each other. Therefore, the main conclusion is that there is no one single technique that is best for every situation, and the results of a number of different approaches need to be carefully considered to discover what is the most likely to produce estimates that are realistic.
文摘The relationships between Hilary Putnam and the pragmatists （especially William James and John Dewey） are obvious but subtle. To shed some light on this issue, the author will explore a key issue that not only stands as Putnam＇s main inheritance from the pragmatists, but that also illuminates the relationships between them more clearly than any other issues. This key issue is the understanding of perception and the philosophical position that arises from this understanding. The author argues that in adopting Dewey＇s transactionalism （or interactionalism）, Putnam advances from James＇ insight to Dewey＇s, a shift that is particularly manifest in Putnam＇s attempt to add another layer of meaning to what he refers to as the second naivete that he detects and appreciates in James＇ natural realism.
文摘Since the beginning of international relations as a formal academic discipline in 1919, the realist paradigm has dominated academic debate, and consequently, major foreign policy decisions. This paradigm focuses on ＂politics＂ as the actions of so-called ＂high politics＂; that is to say, primacy is given to actions between states over the actions that occur within states. This article will aim to demonstrate that the ＂low politics＂ of domestic policy should be considered to a further extent than it currently is in the field of international relations theory. In doing so, this article will focus on sub-unit level factors that have considerable impact on international relations; namely, political parties, terrorist organizations, and lobbying groups. However, it is recognised that proponents of neo-liberal theory, such as Keohane and Nye, and academics studying interest group theory, such as Kabashima and Sato, have done much work to further the idea of international relations theory as more than state-centric analysis. This article will act as an attempt to further this idea both through normative and conceptual analysis. The article uses Putnam＇s concept of two-level games as a basic model of international-domestic relations, hoping to expand on the concept whilst retaining its integrity.
文摘In [1—3], we have discussed problems on the Putnam-Fuglede theorem of non-normal operators which reduce AX=XB’（AXB=X） to A*X =XB* （A*XB* =X）. For the normal operators the following problems are considered: Let （N1, …,Nn） and （M1,…, Mn） be two groups of commuting normal operators, and we
