Advances in medical imaging with current cross-section modalities enable non-invasive characterization of adrenal lesions. Computed tomography (CT) provides characterization with its non-contrast and wash-out features...Advances in medical imaging with current cross-section modalities enable non-invasive characterization of adrenal lesions. Computed tomography (CT) provides characterization with its non-contrast and wash-out features. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is helpful in further characterization using chemical shift imaging (CSI) and MR spectroscopy. For differentiating between benign and malignant masses, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is useful with its qualitative analysis, as well as its ability to detect the presence of extra-adrenal metastases in cancer patients. The workup for an indeterminate adrenal mass includes evaluation with a non-contrast CT. If a lesion is less than 10 Hounsfield Units on a non-contrast CT, it is a benign lipid-rich adenoma and no further work-up is required. For the indeterminate adrenal masses, a lipid-poor adenoma can be differentiated from a metastasis utilizing CT wash-out features. Also, MRI is beneficial with CSI and MR spectroscopy. If a mass remains indeterminate, PET imaging may be of use, in which benign lesions demonstrate low or no fluorodeoxyglucose activity. In the few cases in which adrenal lesions remain indeterminate, surgical sampling such as percutaneous biopsy can be performed.展开更多
在第四代反应堆中,核石墨作为慢化体和反射体材料服役于高温和高通量的快中子辐照环境中。快中子辐照会在核石墨中产生大量的弗伦克尔缺陷对。这些缺陷经过湮灭、扩散、最终形成更大的缺陷团簇,从而改变核石墨的微观结构,进而改变核石...在第四代反应堆中,核石墨作为慢化体和反射体材料服役于高温和高通量的快中子辐照环境中。快中子辐照会在核石墨中产生大量的弗伦克尔缺陷对。这些缺陷经过湮灭、扩散、最终形成更大的缺陷团簇,从而改变核石墨的微观结构,进而改变核石墨的宏观性能。因此,研究核石墨在高温辐照条件下的缺陷演化行为和机理对提高反应堆安全性具有重要意义。本研究采用30 MeV的^(107)Ag^(5+)离子在420℃下辐照IG-110核石墨来模拟核石墨在快中子辐照过程中的缺陷演化行为。通过微区拉曼光谱对IG-110核石墨截面结构进行表征,并对比不同深度处的拉曼光谱特征参数和辐照损伤剂量之间的关系,研究IG-110核石墨微观结构随辐照损伤剂量(Displacements Per Atom,DPA)的演化行为。研究结果表明,随着注量的增加,核石墨拉曼光谱的特征参数D峰高度与G峰高度比值(I_(D)/I_(G))、G峰半高宽(Full Width at Half Maximum of the G peak,FWHM(G))以及G峰的偏移量都显著增加。与^(58)Ni^(5+)辐照样品相比,相同辐照损伤剂量下,^(107)Ag^(5+)辐照的石墨拉曼光谱的I_(D)/I_(G)和FWHM(G)更大。相同的FWHM(G)下,^(107)Ag^(5+)辐照的石墨拉曼光谱的I_(D)/I_(G)比^(58)Ni^(5+)辐照样品大。这些结果说明更重的重离子辐照会在核石墨中引起更高速率的缺陷积累,从而更快地导致石墨晶粒尺寸变小,并促进纳米晶化进程。展开更多
文摘Advances in medical imaging with current cross-section modalities enable non-invasive characterization of adrenal lesions. Computed tomography (CT) provides characterization with its non-contrast and wash-out features. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is helpful in further characterization using chemical shift imaging (CSI) and MR spectroscopy. For differentiating between benign and malignant masses, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is useful with its qualitative analysis, as well as its ability to detect the presence of extra-adrenal metastases in cancer patients. The workup for an indeterminate adrenal mass includes evaluation with a non-contrast CT. If a lesion is less than 10 Hounsfield Units on a non-contrast CT, it is a benign lipid-rich adenoma and no further work-up is required. For the indeterminate adrenal masses, a lipid-poor adenoma can be differentiated from a metastasis utilizing CT wash-out features. Also, MRI is beneficial with CSI and MR spectroscopy. If a mass remains indeterminate, PET imaging may be of use, in which benign lesions demonstrate low or no fluorodeoxyglucose activity. In the few cases in which adrenal lesions remain indeterminate, surgical sampling such as percutaneous biopsy can be performed.
文摘在第四代反应堆中,核石墨作为慢化体和反射体材料服役于高温和高通量的快中子辐照环境中。快中子辐照会在核石墨中产生大量的弗伦克尔缺陷对。这些缺陷经过湮灭、扩散、最终形成更大的缺陷团簇,从而改变核石墨的微观结构,进而改变核石墨的宏观性能。因此,研究核石墨在高温辐照条件下的缺陷演化行为和机理对提高反应堆安全性具有重要意义。本研究采用30 MeV的^(107)Ag^(5+)离子在420℃下辐照IG-110核石墨来模拟核石墨在快中子辐照过程中的缺陷演化行为。通过微区拉曼光谱对IG-110核石墨截面结构进行表征,并对比不同深度处的拉曼光谱特征参数和辐照损伤剂量之间的关系,研究IG-110核石墨微观结构随辐照损伤剂量(Displacements Per Atom,DPA)的演化行为。研究结果表明,随着注量的增加,核石墨拉曼光谱的特征参数D峰高度与G峰高度比值(I_(D)/I_(G))、G峰半高宽(Full Width at Half Maximum of the G peak,FWHM(G))以及G峰的偏移量都显著增加。与^(58)Ni^(5+)辐照样品相比,相同辐照损伤剂量下,^(107)Ag^(5+)辐照的石墨拉曼光谱的I_(D)/I_(G)和FWHM(G)更大。相同的FWHM(G)下,^(107)Ag^(5+)辐照的石墨拉曼光谱的I_(D)/I_(G)比^(58)Ni^(5+)辐照样品大。这些结果说明更重的重离子辐照会在核石墨中引起更高速率的缺陷积累,从而更快地导致石墨晶粒尺寸变小,并促进纳米晶化进程。
