The design and analysis of a fuel cell vehi-cle-to-grid(FCV2G)system with a high voltage conver-sion interface is proposed.The system aims to maximize the utilization of fuel cell vehicles(FCVs)as distributed energy r...The design and analysis of a fuel cell vehi-cle-to-grid(FCV2G)system with a high voltage conver-sion interface is proposed.The system aims to maximize the utilization of fuel cell vehicles(FCVs)as distributed energy resources,allowing them to actively participate in the energy market.The proposed FCV2G system has FCVs,power electronics interfaces,and the electrical grid.The power electronics interfaces are responsible for con-verting the low-voltage output of the fuel cell stack into high-voltage DC power,and ensuring efficient power transfer between the FCVs and the grid.To optimize the operation of the FCV2G system,the momentum search algorithm(MSA)is employed.By applying MSA,the FCV2G system can achieve optimal power dispatch,con-sidering factors such as energy efficiency,grid stability,and economic feasibility.The proposed method is tested in MATLAB.The best MSA and dynamic load profile solu-tions are run for 24 h and the results show that 100%import of FCVs 51.0%more than 100%electric vehicle.Peak-cutting and vehicle-to-grid service revenue are 30.5%and 95.0%greater,respectively.Low discharge loss,high capacity,and high discharge power are the main advantages of FCVs.The benchmark FCVs ratio of 15%is used for sensitivity analysis.The findings reveal that the overall advantages of FCV2G are improved.Index Terms—Continuous conduction mode,DC-DC converter,discontinuous conduction mode,fuel cell vehi-cle,utility-grids,vehicle-to-grid.展开更多
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that accumulate to high levels in human populations that are subject to occupational or regional industry exposure. PBDEs have been show...Polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that accumulate to high levels in human populations that are subject to occupational or regional industry exposure. PBDEs have been shown to affect human neuronal, endocrine and reproductive systems, but their effect on the immune system is not well understood. In this study, experimental adult mice were intragastrically administered 2,2＇,3,3＇,4,4＇,5,5＇,6,6＇-decabromodiphenyl ether （BDE-209） at doses of 8, 80 or 800 mg/kg of body weight （bw） at 2-day intervals. Our results showed that continuous exposure to BDE-209 resulted in high levels of BDE-209 in the plasma that approached the levels found in people who work in professions with high risks of PDBE exposure. Reduced leukocytes, decreased cytokine （IFN-7, IL-2 and TNF-a） production and lower CD8 T-cell proliferation were observed in the mice exposed to BDE-209. Additionally, mice with long-term BDE-209 exposure had lower numbers of antigen-specific CD8 T cells after immunization with recombinant Listeria monocytogenesexpressing ovalbumin （rLm-OVA） and the OVA-specific CD8 T cells had reduced functionality. Taken together, our study demonstrates that continuous BDE-209 exposure causes adverse effects on the number and functionality of immune cells in adult mice.展开更多
文摘The design and analysis of a fuel cell vehi-cle-to-grid(FCV2G)system with a high voltage conver-sion interface is proposed.The system aims to maximize the utilization of fuel cell vehicles(FCVs)as distributed energy resources,allowing them to actively participate in the energy market.The proposed FCV2G system has FCVs,power electronics interfaces,and the electrical grid.The power electronics interfaces are responsible for con-verting the low-voltage output of the fuel cell stack into high-voltage DC power,and ensuring efficient power transfer between the FCVs and the grid.To optimize the operation of the FCV2G system,the momentum search algorithm(MSA)is employed.By applying MSA,the FCV2G system can achieve optimal power dispatch,con-sidering factors such as energy efficiency,grid stability,and economic feasibility.The proposed method is tested in MATLAB.The best MSA and dynamic load profile solu-tions are run for 24 h and the results show that 100%import of FCVs 51.0%more than 100%electric vehicle.Peak-cutting and vehicle-to-grid service revenue are 30.5%and 95.0%greater,respectively.Low discharge loss,high capacity,and high discharge power are the main advantages of FCVs.The benchmark FCVs ratio of 15%is used for sensitivity analysis.The findings reveal that the overall advantages of FCV2G are improved.Index Terms—Continuous conduction mode,DC-DC converter,discontinuous conduction mode,fuel cell vehi-cle,utility-grids,vehicle-to-grid.
基金ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Yingxin Yu （Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering,Shanghai University） for determining the BDE-209 concentration, Nining Guo and Qibing Leng （Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science） for the rLm-OVA infections and Xing Zhang （College of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine） for breeding the animals. This work is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （2011CB512104）, the 12th Five-Year Plan of National Science and Technology Support （2012BAK17B10） and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （81101252）.
文摘Polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that accumulate to high levels in human populations that are subject to occupational or regional industry exposure. PBDEs have been shown to affect human neuronal, endocrine and reproductive systems, but their effect on the immune system is not well understood. In this study, experimental adult mice were intragastrically administered 2,2＇,3,3＇,4,4＇,5,5＇,6,6＇-decabromodiphenyl ether （BDE-209） at doses of 8, 80 or 800 mg/kg of body weight （bw） at 2-day intervals. Our results showed that continuous exposure to BDE-209 resulted in high levels of BDE-209 in the plasma that approached the levels found in people who work in professions with high risks of PDBE exposure. Reduced leukocytes, decreased cytokine （IFN-7, IL-2 and TNF-a） production and lower CD8 T-cell proliferation were observed in the mice exposed to BDE-209. Additionally, mice with long-term BDE-209 exposure had lower numbers of antigen-specific CD8 T cells after immunization with recombinant Listeria monocytogenesexpressing ovalbumin （rLm-OVA） and the OVA-specific CD8 T cells had reduced functionality. Taken together, our study demonstrates that continuous BDE-209 exposure causes adverse effects on the number and functionality of immune cells in adult mice.
